61st Congress \ qfn atf / Document 

2d Session / bJiJNAlJL j No. 631 



WAGES AND PRICES OF 
COMMODITIES 



DIGEST OF RECENT STATISTICAL PUB- 
LICATIONS RELATIVE TO PRICES AND 
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN 
AUSTRIA, BELGIUM, BULGARIA, FIN- 
LAND, FRANCE, ITALY, NORWAY, 
SWEDEN, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM 



£ 



PRESENTED BY MR. LODGE 



June 15, 1910. — Referred to the Select Committee to Investigate Wages and 
Prices of Commodities and ordered to be printed 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1910 



^ 






JUL S3 WO 






(to 




WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



AUSTRIA. 



[From Bulletin 58, May, 1905, of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

Arbeiterverhaltnisse im Ostrau- Karwiner SteinJcoMenreviere. Darge- 
stellt vom K. K. Arbeit sstatistischen Amte im Handelsministerium. 
I. Theil. Arbeitszeit, Arbeitsleistungen, Lohn- und Einkommens- 
verhaltnisse. 1904. Hi, 128, 583* pp. 

This report is the result of an investigation of labor conditions in 
Austria undertaken in 1901 by the Austrian bureau of labor statistics, 
covering what is known as the Ostrau-Karwin coal-mine district, 
for the period from July 1, 1900, to June 30, 1901. This district 
includes the Crown lands of Moravia and Silesia, in which about one- 
half of all the Austrian coal-mine workers are employed. The inquiry 
embraced in its scope the labor conditionsincoal mining, cokingplants, 
manufacturing establishments, various handicrafts, and agriculture. 

This volume, which constitutes the first part of the entire report, 
relates to the hours of labor, efficiency, and earnings of wageworkers. 

The main part of the volume consists of a series of tables covering 
583 pages, and contains the detailed results of the investigation. These 
tables are preceded by a comprehensive analysis and by a reproduction 
of the schedules of inquiry used and instructions issued for guidance 
in the prosecution of the work of the investigation. 

Coal. — By far the greater part of the report is devoted to coal-mine 
labor. The statistical presentation shows, in various combinations, 
for each mine separately and, by summarized statements, for the entire 
district, the number of mine workers, the number of shifts worked, 
the wages and the income of coal-mine employees. The investigation 
covers 38 mines, employing an average of 34,925 mine workers. The 
following table shows by occupations the actual number of mine work- 
ers employed in the entire district during each month and the average 
number for the entire year from July 1, 1900, to June 30, 1901. 

3 



4 WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 

ACTUAL NUMBER OF COAL-MINE EMPLOYEES IN THE OSTRAU-KARWIN COAL-MINE 
DISTRICT EACH MONTH DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1901. 



Occupations. 


July, 
1900. 


Aug., 
1900. 


Sept., 
1900. 


Oct., 
1900. 


Nov., 
9100. 


Dec, 
1900. 


Jan., 
1901. 


Feb., 
1901. 


Mar., 
1901. 


Apr., 
1901. 


May, 
1901. 


June, 
1901. 


Aver- 
age 
for 

year. 


Below ground: 

Mine bosses, 
foremen, etc. . . 

Enginemen 

Miners 


407 

104 

12,618 

7,545 

3,693 


410 

104 

12,647 

7,642 

3,777 


410 

104 

12,700 

7,815 
3,884 


408 

104 

12,700 

8,298 

4,208 


410 

104 

12,716 

8,820 

4,527 


410 

103 

12,721 

8,979 

4,657 


401 

104 

12,802 

9,200 

5,069 


399 

104 

12,914 

9,272 

5,195 


397 

103 

12,876 

9,284 

5,306 


394 

104 

12,757 

9,096 

5,278 


391 

106 

12,692 

9,119 

5,350 


389 

107 

12,443 

8,959 

5,266 


403 

104 

12,716 


Trammers 

Helpers 


8,669 
4,684 






Total 


24,367 


24,580 


24,913 


25,718 


26,577 


26,870 


27,576 


27,884 


27,966 


27,629 


27,658 


27,164 


26,576 






Above ground: 

Foremen, etc 

Enginemen 

Skilled workers.. 
Laborers, male. . 
Laborers, female. 


147 

894 

1,926 

2,771 

2,123 


148 

894 

1,954 

2,780 

2,149 


150 

900 

1,961 

2,837 

2,131 


158 

903 

1,994 

2,910 

2,165 


162 

895 
2,010 
2,976 
2,226 


160 

896 
2,016 
2,992 
2,203 


161 

906 

2,048 

2,997 

2,311 


162 

904 

2,052 

3,130 

2,315 


161 

910 

2,074 

3,170 

2,393 


161 

906 

2,090 

3,159 

2,357 


165 

894 

2,112 

3,207 

2,372 


167 

889 

2,110 

3,190 

2,292 


158 

900 
2,028 
3,010 
2,253 


Total 


7,861 


7,925 


7,979 


8,130 


8,269 


8,267 


8,423 


8,563 


8,708 


8,673 


8,750 


8,648 


8,349 


Total above 
an d below 
ground 


32,228 


32,505 


32,892 


33,848 


34,846 


35,137 


35,999 


36,447 


36,674 


36,302 


36, 408 


35,812 


34,925 



An examination of the foregoing table shows that from July, 1900, 
to March, 1901, inclusive, there was a steady increase each month in 
the total number of employees, the total increase in the nine months 
being equal to 13.8 per cent. During the succeeding 3 months the 
number fluctuated somewhat. In April there was a decline of 1 per 
cent, in May a slight increase of 0.3 per cent, and in June a decrease 
of 1.6 per cent. 

The following two tables show the average gross earnings and wage 
deductions of coal-mine workers in this district and the number of 
shifts worked during the year ending June 30, 1901 : 

AVERAGE GROSS EARNINGS, WAGE DEDUCTIONS, AND NET EARNINGS, PER EM- 
PLOYEE OF COAL-MINE WORKERS IN THE OSTRAU-KARWIN COAL-MINE DISTRICT 
DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1901. 



Occupation. 



Below ground: 

Mine bosses, foremen, etc 

Enginemen 

Miners 

Trammers 

Helpers 

Total 

Above ground: 

Foremen, etc 

Enginemen 

Skilled workers 

Laborers, male 

Laborers, female 

Total 

Total above and below ground 



Average 
number of 
employees. 



403 

104 

12,716 

8,669 

4,684 



26,576 



158 

900 

2,028 

3,010 

2,253 



8,349 



34,925 



Gross earnings. 



Wages, (o) 



$264. 59 
223. 85 
225. 72 
138. 26 
104. 10 



176. 34 



229.74 
215. 14 
206. 86 
137. 85 
64.86 



144. 98 



168.84 



Gratuities, 
etc. 



$10. 99 

2.51 

1.11 

.61 

.23 



.95 



10.18 

3.91 

.30 

.61 

.01 



.91 



,94 



School con- 
tributions. 



$1.99 

1.16 

.62 

.05 



.35 



1.12 
.69 
.21 
.31 



,26 



.33 



Total. 



$277.57 
227.52 
227. 45 
138. 92 
104.33 



177. 64 



241. 04 
219. 74 
207. 37 
138. 77 
64.87 



146. 15 



170. 11 



a After deductions for explosives. 



b $0,002. 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



AVERAGE GROSS EARNINGS, WAGE DEDUCTIONS, AND NET EARNINGS, PER EM- 
PLOYEE, OF COAL-MINE WORKERS, IN THE OSTRAU-KARWIN COAL-MINE DISTRICT 
DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1901— Continued. 





Wage deductions. 


Net 
earn- 
ings. 


Sick 
benefits 

re- 
ceived. 




Occupation. 


Tools, 
etc. 


Mar- 
riage 
fees. 


Insur- 
ance. 


Fines. 


Indem- 
nifica- 
tions. 


Total. 


Actual 
total in- 
come. 


Below ground: 

Mine bosses, foremen, 
etc 


$0.05 
.02 
.10 
.07 
.10 


(o) 
$0.03 
.01 
.01 


$12.36 
9.61 
9.11 
5.22 
3.47 


$0.03 
.05 
.33 
.40 
.21 


$0.01 

.02 

.14 

08 

.11 


$12.45 
9.70 
9.71 
5.78 
3.90 


$265. 12 
217. 82 
217.74 
133.14 
100.43 


$1.23 

.61 

2.11 

1.53 

1.06 


$266. 35 


Enginemen 


218. 43 


Miners 


219. 85 


Trammers 


134. 67 


Helpers 


101.49 






Total 


.09 


.02 


6.89 


.33 


.11 


7.44 


170. 20 


1.71 


171.91 






Above ground: 

Foremen, etc 


.19 
.00 
.04 
.02 
.01 


.04 
.03 
.03 
.01 


9.99 
9.07 
7.97 
6.85 
2.30 


.01 
.12 
.09 
.13 
.06 


.01 
.01 
.02 
.01 


10.24 
9.29 
8.15 
7.02 
2.37 


230. 80 
210. 45 
199. 22 
131. 75 
62.50 


1.08 

.96 

1.64 

1.57 

.67 


231. 88 


Enginemen 


211.41 


Skilled workers 


200.86 


Laborers, male .... 


133. 32 


Laborers, female 


63.17 






Total 


.03 


.01 


6.20 


.10 


.01 


6.35 


139. 80 


1.28 


141.08 


Total above and below 
ground 


.07 


.02 


6.73 


.27 


.09 


7.18 


162. 93 


1.61 


164. 54 







a $0,002. 



b $0,004. 



SHIFTS WORKED BY COAL-MINE WORKERS IN THE OSTRAU-KARWIN COAL-MINE 
DISTRICT DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1901. 



Occupation. 



Below ground: 

Mine bosses, foremen, etc. 

Enginemen 

Miners 

Trammers 

Helpers 



Total. 



Above ground: 

Foremen, etc 

Enginemen. 
Skilled workers. . 
Laborers, male. . 
Laborers, female. 

Total 



Total above and below ground 34, 925 



Average 
number 
of em- 
ployees. 



403 

104 

12,716 

8,669 

4,684 



26,576 



158 

900 

2,028 

3,010 

2,253 



8,349 



Average number of shifts worked during year. 



Total. 



317.25 
328. 00 
265. 75 
251.75 
254. 00 



260. 25 



336. 50 
336. 75 
287. 25 
286. 25 
265. 50 



287. 50 



266. 75 



Night shifts. 



Number. 



134. 00 
127. 50 
109. 75 
101.50 
99.25 



105. 75 



75.75 
135. 50 
32.25 
70.25 
67.00 



67.25 



96.50 



Per cent 
of total. 



42.3 
38.9 
41.3 
40.3 
39.1 



40.6 



22.4 
40.3 
11.2 
24.5 
25.2 



23.4 



30.2 



Sunday and holiday 
shifts. 



Number. 



29.25 

38.00 

4.50 

4.50 

2.50 



4.50 



43.25 
40.75 
17.00 
20.50 
4.75 



IS. 00 



7.75 



Per cent 
of total. 



9.2 
11.6 
1.7 
1.8 
1.0 



1.7 



12.8 

12.1 

5.9 

7.2 

1.8 



6.3 



2.9 



Of the 35,812 coal-mine workers employed on June 30, 1901, 25,757, 
or 71.9 per cent, were piece or contract workers, and 10,055, or 28.1 
per cent, were paid by the shift. Of the underground workers 93.5 
per cent were pieceworkers, and of the surface workers 69.3 per cent 
were paid by the shift, the pieceworkers predominating below and 
the time workers above ground. 

The hours of labor of underground mine workers are regulated by 
the law of June 21, 1884, which provides that the duration of the shift 



6 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



shall not exceed 12 hours, while the actual working time shall not 
exceed 10 hours. In this coal-mine district it was found that of the 
38 mines investigated, the length of the shift worked by each indi- 
vidual worker was 8 hours in 2 mines, including the time for descend- 
ing, but exclusive of that required for ascending, the shifts beginning 
at 6 a. m., 2 p. m., and 10 p. m. In 4 mines the regular working shifts 
of all mine workers — that is, the time between which the first man 
arrived and the last man departed — was 10 hours per day, including 
time for descending and ascending, the hours being from 6 a. m. to 4 
p. m. and from 6 p. m. to 4 a. m. In the remaining 32 mines the 
length of the shift for each individual mine worker, including time 
for descending and ascending, was 10 hours, the day shift in 24 mines 
beginning at 6 a. m. and ending at 4 p. m. and the night shift begin- 
ning at 6 p. m. and ending at 4 a. m., while in 8 mines the day shifts 
were the same but the night shifts were from 4 p. m. to 2 a. m. In 
individual cases, however, mine workers at certain classes of difficult 
or straining occupations were found to work only 8 hours, even though 
the customary shift was 10 hours. 

The hours of labor of surface workers were mostly 12 per day, with 
an intermission of 2 hours. Persons employed in handling the coal at 
the mouth of the pit, such as wheelers, screeners, and loaders, worked 
10 hours without intermission. Enginemen and firemen employed 
above ground at the pumping, ventilating, compressing, and electrical 
machinery worked 8 hours per day in a number of the mines, but hoist- 
ing engineers as a rule worked 8 hours per day. There was no over- 
time worked at any of the mines in the Ostrau-Karwin district during 
the year. 

Coke. — The data relating to coke workers cover 8 establishments, 
employing an average of 2,287 persons. The statistical presentation 
is analogous to that relating to coal-mine workers, and shows in 
various combinations the number of employees, the number of shifts 
worked, the wages, and the earnings of employees. The following 
table shows, by occupations, the actual number of coke workers 
employed in the entire district during each month, and the average 
number for the entire period. from July 1, 1900, to June 30, 1901 : 

ACTUAL NUMBER OF COKE WORKERS EMPLOYED IN THE OSTRAU-KARWIN COAL- 
MINE DISTRICT EACH MONTH DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1901. 



Occupation. 


July, 
1900. 


Aug., 
1900. 


Sept., 
1900. 


Oct., 
1900. 


Nov., 
1900. 


Dec, 
1900. 


Jan., 
1901. 


Feb., 
1901. 


Mar., 
1901. 


Apr., 
1901. 


May, 
1901. 


June, 
1901. 


Aver- 
age 
for 

year. 


Foremen, etc 

Enginemen 


17 
115 
151 

978 
618 
287 


17 
117 
154 
980 
620 
275 


17 
118 
150 
987 
634 
273 


17 
118 
155 
981 
678 
272 


17 
119 
161 
988 
706 
276 


17 
120 
161 
992 
705 
277 


17 
121 
163 
993 
713 
303 


17 
121 
169 
992 
743 
316 


16 
120 
168 
993 
759 
317 


16 
120 
178 
977 
773 
317 


16 
124 
180 
980 
788 
318 


16 
124 
180 
965 
752 
311 


17 
120 


Skilled workers 

Furnace men 

Laborers, male 

Laborers, female 


164 
984 
707 
295 


Total 


2,166 


2,163 


2,179 


2,221 


2,267 


2,272 


2,310 


2,358 


2,373 


2,381 


2,406 


2,348 


2,287 







WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 



The foregoing table shows that while there was a slight decrease in 
the total number of employees in August, 1900, when compared with 
the preceding month, the number steadily increased each month from 
August, 1900, to May, 1901, the total increase for the 10 months being 
equal to 11.2 per cent. In the last month there was a decrease of 2.5 
per cent. 

The following two tables are similar in their presentation to the 
tables relating to coal-mine workers. They show the average earn- 
ings of coke workers in this district, and the number of shifts worked 
during the year ending June 30, 1901. 

AVERAGE GROSS EARNINGS, WAGE DEDUCTIONS, AND NET EARNINGS, PER EM- 
PLOYEE, OF COKE WORKERS EMPLOYED IN THE OSTRAU-KARWIN COAL-MINE 
DISTRICT DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1901. 





Aver- 
age 
num- 
ber of 
em- 
ploy- 
ees. 


Gross earnings. 


Wage deductions. 


Net 
earn- 
ings. 


Sick 
bene- 
fits 
re- 
ceiv- 
ed. 


Ac- 
tual 
total 
in- 
come. 


Occupation. 


Wa- 
ges. 


Gra- 
tui- 
ties, 
etc. 


School 
con- 
tribu- 
tions. 


Total. 


Tools, 
etc. 


Mar- 
riage 
fees. 


In- 
sur- 
ance. 


Fines. 


In- 
dem- 
nifi- 

ca- 
tions. 


Total. 


Foremen, etc. 


17 
120 

164 
984 

707 

295 


$ 

333. 88 
208. 75 

196. 24 
220. 71 

137. 39 

80.03 


0.09 
.02 


$ 

1.60 
.51 

.03 
.44 

.09 


$ 

335. 48 
209.26 

196. 27 
221. 24 

137. 50 

80.03 


$ 


$ 


14.30 
8.51 

7.33 
8.48 

5.20 

2.42 


$ 
0.22 
.07 

.06 
.17 

.19 

.05 


( c ) 


$ 

14.52 
8.62 

7.41 

8.67 

5.40 
2.48 


8 

320. 96 
200.64 

188. 86 
212. 57 

132. 10 

77.55 


1.99 

.76 

.97 
1.25 

1.50 

1.07 


322. 95 


Enginemen. . 
Skilled work- 
ers 


0.01 

(a) 

.01 

( b ) 
.01 


0.03 

.02 
.01 

.01 


201. 40 
189.83 


Furnace men. 

Laborers, 
male 

Laborers, fe- 
male . 


213. 82 

133. 60 

78.62 










Total . . 


2,287 


175. 26 


.05 


.26 


175. 57 


.01 


.01 


6.65 


.15 


( c ) 


6.82 


168. 75 


1.27 


170. 02 



oSO.002. 



b $0. 004. 



c Too small to estimate. 



SHIFTS WORKED BY COKE WORKERS IN THE OSTRAU-KARWIN COAL-MINE DIS- 
TRICT DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30,1901. 





Average 

em- 
ployees. 


Average number of shifts worked during year. 


Occupation. 


Total. 


Night shifts. 


Sunday and holi- 
day shifts. 




Number. 


Per cent 
of total. 


Number. 


Per cent 
of total. 


Foremen, etc 


17 
120 
164 
984 
707 
295 


322. 25 
331.50 
298.00 
318. 25 
297.00 
295.00 


132. 25 
151. 00 
26.00 
142. 25 
111.75 
108.50 


41.0 
45.5 
8.7 
44.7 
37.6 
36.8 


27.25 
30.75 
22.25 
30.00 
25.50 
18.75 


8.4 


Enginemen 


9.3 


Skilled workers 


7.5 


Furnace men 


9.4 


Laborers, male 


8.6 


Laborers, female 


6.3 






Total 


2,287 


308.00 


120.50 


39.1 


26.75 


8.7 







The first of the foregoing tables shows that the average gross wages 
per employee during the year amounted to $175.26, the average 
allowances on account of gratuities and school contributions to $0.31, 
and the total gross earnings to $175.57. The total deductions 



8 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



amounted to $6.82, leaving $168.75 for net earnings. Adding to the 
net earnings the sick benefits of $1.27, makes the actual total income 
per employee for the year equal to $170.02. 

A comparison of the foregoing figures with the earnings of coal 
mine workers shows that the wages, the total gross earnings, the net 
earnings, and the total actual income were greater in the case of the 
coke workers than the corresponding items relating to coal workers. 

The second table shows for each principal occupation the average 
number of shifts worked per employee and the number and percent- 
age of night shifts and Sunday and holiday shifts worked during the 
year. 

Of the 2,348 persons employed on June 30, 1901, 1,435, or 61.1 per 
cent, were paid by the shift and 913, or 38.9 per cent, were piece or con- 
tract workers. The foremen, enginemen, and female laborers were 
paid exclusively by the shift. Piece or contract workers represented 
46.1 per cent of the skilled workers, 61.6 per cent of the furnacemen, 
and 31.4 per cent of the day laborers. 

Manufactures. — The investigation relating to the labor condi- 
tions in manufacturing industries covered the period from January 
1, 1901, to June 30, 1901, and embraced 101 establishments, with 
18,729 employees, including 18 apprentices without pay, grouped 
according to the classification shown in the following table: 



NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN 101 MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE OSTRAU- 
KARWIN COAL-MINE DISTRICT DURING THE SIX MONTHS ENDING JUNE 30,1901. 

[Eighteen apprentices, receiving no pay, were not included in the table.) 



Industry. 



Number 
of estab- 
lish- 
ments. 



Number of employees. 



Piece 
workers. 



Time 
workers. 



Total. 



Brick 

Metals and machinery 

Celluloids and roofing paper 

Chemical industries 

Mining and smelting 

Other industries 

Total 



296 
990 
244 
178 
),599 
91 



304 

765 

588 

1,882 

5,615 

1,159 



101 



8,398 



10,313 



600 
1,755 

832 

2,060 

12,214 

1,250 



18,711 



Of 82 establishments reporting hours of labor, 39 with 11,698 
employees operated day and night shifts of equal length; in 2 estab- 
lishments with 1,177 employees the duration of the day shift, exclusive 
of periods of rest, was 10 J? hours; that of the night shift was in one 
case 6 hours, and in the other case it was not reported. The hours 
for watchmen in a mining and smelting company having 28 estab- 
lishments were uniformly 12 hours per day and 12 hours per night, 
without special provision for hours of rest. In the remaining 40 
establishments reporting hours of labor, the operations were confined 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



9 



to the daytime, the hours ranging from 7^ to 11 per day, the 10-hour 
day predominating in 25 establishments with 2,759 employees. 

The following table, compiled from data given in the report, pre- 
sents in detail the foregoing facts in tabular form : 

HOURS OF LABOR IN 82 MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE OSTRAU- 
KARWIN COAL-MINE DISTRICT DURING THE SIX MONTHS ENDING JUNE 30, 1901. 



Number of establishments. 


Number 
of em- 
ployees. 


Hours of labor. 


Per day. 


Per night. 


14 : 


4,375 

7,311 

12 

879 

298 

c76 

4 

4 

4 

2,759 

389 

209 


10 

/Over 10 

\ toll 

11 

a 10£ 

a lOt 

12" 

'2 

8 

9 

10 

/Over 10 

\ toll 

11 


10 


23 


/ Over 10 

\ toll 

11 


2 




6 




( b ) 




12 














25 








7 y . 








5 









a Not reported. 



b Exclusive of periods of rest. 



c Watchmen onlv. 



The wage statistics for manufacturing establishments are presented 
in two series of tables, all employees being classified as superintend- 
ents, foremen, male workers, and female workers. The first series 
shows for each group of industries and for each class of employees 
separately the number of employees arranged by age groups, their 
total weekly wages, and the average weekly wages per employee. In 
the second series the presentation is arranged by wage groups based 
upon the average weekly wages per employee, showing in the first 
part the actual figures and in the second part the relative figures. In 
both series of tables the facts are shown separately for the piecework- 
ers and the time workers. These tables are supplemented by tabular 
statements showing the number of employees receiving extra allow- 
ances on account of rent, fuel, lighting, etc., either free of charge or 
at prices below the prevailing rates. Of the total of 18,729 employees, 
7,438, or 39.7 per cent, received extra allowances of one kind or another, 
and 11,291, or 60.3 per cent, received no such allowances. 

In the following table a classification of the employees is made 
according to wage groups, based upon their average weekly wages. 



10 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN 101 MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE 
OSTRAU-KARWIN COAL-MINE DISTRICT DURING THE SIX MONTHS ENDING JUNE 
30,1901, ACCORDING TO WAGE GROUPS. 

[Eighteen apprentices, receiving no pay, were not included in the table.] 





S uper i ntendents . 


Foremen. 


Male workers. 


Female workers. 


Average weekly wages. 


Piece 
work- 
ers. 


Time 
work- 
ers. 


To- 
tal. 


Piece 
work- 
ers. 


Time 
work- 
ers. 


To- 
tal. 


Piece 
work- 
ers. 


Time 
work- 
ers. 


Total. 


Piece 
work- 
ers. 


Time 
work- 
ers. 


To- 
tal. 


$0 61 or under 














1 

17 

36 

58 

56 

69 

97 

85 

160 

167 

158 

199 

224 

235 

251 

278 

310 

345 

324 

382 

418 

284 

292 

299 

257 

259 

264 

212 

1,428 

426 

139 

43 

5 

2 

5 


6 

53 

35 

81 

103 

129 

203 

301 

438 

836 

693 

852 

648 

581 

630 

613 

527 

490 

358 

319 

218 

179 

120 

120 

122 

93 

77 

60 

163 

23 

6 

1 


°70 

c71 

dl39 

el59 

/198 

9 300 

h 386 

<598 

/ 1,003 

* 851 

I 1,051 

to 872 

«816 

o881 

891 

to 837 

835 

682 

701 

636 

463 

412 

419 

379 

352 

341 

272 

1,591 

449 

145 

44 

5 

2 

5 






















2 

24 

65 

54 

82 

130 

90 

75 

19 

6 

3 

1 


12 

31 

118 

199 

135 

66 

79 

20 

29 

15 

1 

2 

2 


14 


$0 81 to $1 02 














55 


$1.02 to $1 22 














183 


$1.22 to $1.42 










1 

1 


1 
1 


253 


$1.42 to $1.62 










217 


$1 63 to $1 83 










196 


$1.83 to $2 03 










4 


4 


169 


$2 03 to $2 23 




1 


1 




95 


$2.24 to $2.44 






4 
5 

6 
2 

6 

9 

8 

8 

16 

11 

6 

17 

23 

16 

22 

11 

16 

10 

14 

65 

34 

9 

5 


4 
5 
6 
2 
7 
9 
8 
8 
17 
11 
6 

17 
23 
16 
22 
11 
16 
12 
16 
81 
50 
17 
11 


48 


$2.44 to $2.64 










21 


$2.64 to $2.84 










4 


$2.84 to $3 05 










2 


$3.05 to $3 25 








1 


3 


$3 25 to $3 45 










$3.45 to $3.65 












1 


1 


$3 66 to $3 86 




2 

2 


2 
2 


1 




$3 86 to $4 06 










$4 06 to $4 26 










$4 27 to $4 47 
















$4 47 to $4 67 




2 
2 


2 
2 










$4 67 to $4 87 










$4 87 to $5 07 










$5 08 to $5 28 




1 


1 










$5 28 to $5 48 










$5 48 to $5 68 




6 


6 


2 

2 

16 

16 

8 
6 








$5 69 to $5 89 










$5 89 to $6 09 




10 

41 

35 

33 

21 

11 

7 

8 

6 

4 

2 

2 


10 

44 

36 

35 

22 

12 

8 

8 

6 

4 

2 

3 








$6.09 to $8.12 


3 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 








$8.12 to $10 15 








$10.15 to $12.18 








$12.18 to $14.21 








$14.21 to $16.24 








$16.24 to $18.27 














$18 27 to $20 30 














$20 30 to $24 36 
















$24 36 to $28 42 






















$28 42 to $32 48 






















Over $32 48 


1 








































Total 


10 


196 


206 


52 


329 


381 


7,785 


9,078 


Pl6, 863 


551 


710 


1,261 







a Apprentices, 
o Including 67 apprentices, 
c Including 55 apprentices. 
d Including 77 apprentices, 
e Including 52 apprentices. 
/ Including 46 apprentices. 



9 Including 37 apprentices. 
h Including 33 apprentices. 
i Including 23 apprentices. 
j Including 16 apprentices. 
* Including 11 apprentices. 
i Including 9 apprentices. 



to Including 1 apprentice. 
n Including 2 apprentices, 
o Including 4 apprentices, 
p Including 441 apprentices. 



An examination of the foregoing table shows that of the whole num- 
ber of employees 4,172, or 22.3 per cent, earn less than $2.44 per week; 
9,674, or 51.7 per cent, earn from $2.44 to $4.87 per week; 2,285, or 
12.2 per cent, earn from $4.87 to $6.09 per week; 2,251, or 12 per cent, 
earn from $6.09 to $10.15 per week; 274, or 1.5 per cent, earn from 
$10.15 to $14.21 per week; and 55, or 0.3 per cent, earn over $14.21 
per week. The largest number of male workers is represented by the 
group showing earnings from $6.09 to $8.12 per week, the largest num- 
ber of female workers by the group showing earnings from $1.22 to 
$1.42 per week, and the largest number of all employees by the group 
showing earnings from $6.09 to $8.12 per week. 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



11 



Handicrafts. — This part of the report is based upon 250 returns, 
collected partly through an agent of the Bureau and partly through 
the cooperation of the board of trade at Troppau. It treats of the 
hours of labor and the wages paid in 40 different handicraft trades in 
42 localities of the district. 

The hours of labor were reported in 243 cases, 215 cases showing 
either a fixed number of hours or a variation of 1 hour between the 
minimum and maximum hours, while in the remaining 28 cases the 
variation between the minimum and maximum hours snowed a range 
of 2 to 3 hours. In 66 establishments the actual number of working 
hours was 10 per day, in 54 establishments 1 1 per day, and in 46 estab- 
lishments 12 per day, while in the remaining 77 establishments the 
hours ranged from 6 to 15 per day. 

The statistics relating to wages show for each particular trade the 
number of localities for which data have been reported; the class of 
wage workers, designated as male adult workers, young persons, and 
female workers; the lowest and the highest wages per week paid in the 
localities reporting, and the character of additional allowances in cases 
where these are granted. The following table, compiled from data 
given in the report, shows these items for male adults and young per- 
sons engaged in 15 selected occupations: 

WEEKLY WAGES PAID IN 15 SELECTED OCCUPATIONS IN THE OSTRAU-KARWIN 

COAL-MINE DISTRICT IN 1901. 





Male adults. 




Young 


persons. 




Time workers. 


Piece workers. 


Time workers. 


Piece workers. 


Occupation. 


Lo- 
cali- 
ties. 


Wages. 


Lo- 
cali- 
ties. 


Wages. 


Lo- 
cali- 
ties. 


Wages. 


Lo- 
cali- 
ties. 


Wages. 




Low- 
est. 


High- 
est. 


Low- 
est. 


High- 
est. 


Low- 
est. 


High- 
est. 


Low- 
est. 


High- 
est. 


Bakers (a) 


22 

21 

2 

1 

2 

13 


SO. 61 
.61 

2.44 
.81 

2.84 
.81 


$4.06 
3.65 
4.87 
1.62 
5.68 
4.06 








6 
6 
2 
1 
1 


$0.41 

.32 

2.03 

.61 

2.03 


$1.83 
1.83 
2.68 
1.02 
2.44 








Blacksmiths (a) 














Blacksmiths 














Bookbinders (a) 














Bookbinders 














Cabinetmakers (a) 


1 
2 
2 


$1.02 
3.25 
2.84 


$1.62 
3.25 
6.09 








Cabinetmakers (&) 














Cabinetmakers 


5 
2 
1 
2 
1 
3 
8 
12 


2.44 

2.84 

1.62 

.81 

1.22 

3.25 

.61 

.61 


4.38 
3.65 
2.84 
2.03 
1.62 
4.06 
4.06 
2.03 


5 
1 
1 
1 
1 
3 
4 
4 


.61 

1.95 

1.22 

.30 

.81 

1.95 

.41 

.20 


3.33 
2.68 
2.03 
.61 
.81 
2.44 
2.44 
1.62 


1 


$1.71 


$2.44 


Carpenters 




Hatmakers (a) 














Millers (a) 














Paper hangers (a) 














Roofers 














Saddlers (a) 














Shoemakers (a) 


3 

8 
1 


1.02 
1.22 
1.42 


1.62 
3.05 

2.84 


1 


.81 


1.22 


Shoemakers (b) 




Shoemakers 




















Tailors (<*) 


14 


.61 


3.05 


6 


.41 


1.62 








Tailors (6) 


7 
3 


1.22 
1.62 


3.25 

4.87 


1 
1 


2.03 
2.03 


2.44 


Tailors 


2 
1 
3 
3 

1 


1.71 

5.68 

.81 

2.44 

2.44 


3.65 
5.68 
5.08 
6.09 

4.87 


1 


1.22 


1.22 


3.25 


Tanners 




Tinners (a) 








4 
3 
1 


.20 
1.95 
2.03 


2.64 
3.25 
2.44 








Tinners 


2 


2.68 


4.87 








Watchmakers 























o Additional allowance of board and lodging. 



b Additional allowance of lodging. 



12 WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 

The lowest and highest wages of females employed in handicraft 
trades, all of whom were time workers, were reported for but three 
occupations. These were: Bookbinders in one locality, $1.02 to $1.62 
per week, without extra allowances; shoemakers in one locality, $1.22 
to $1.62 per week and board and lodging; tailoresses in two localities, 
$1.22 to $1.62 per week and board and lodging. 

The value of the additional allowances is variously estimated at 6 to 
8 crowns ($1.22 to $1.62) per week for board and lodging and at 1 
to 2 crowns ($0.20 to $0.41) per week for lodging. 

Agriculture. — The part of the report relating to the conditions of 
farm labor is based upon returns received from 56 localities and treats 
of the hours of work and the wages paid to farm laborers within the 
district. 

The hours of field work in the spring and autumn usually begin at 6 
or 7 a. m. and continue until 6 p. m., with 1 to 2 hours intermission 
for rest, the actual hours of labor for those seasons being from 9 J to 
10 per day. During harvest time work begins at 6 a. m. and con- 
tinues until 7 p. m., with 2 hours intermission, making the actual 
hours 11 per day. In winter the hours range from a minimum of 7 J 
to a maximum of 9, usually beginning at 7 a. m. or later and continu- 
ing until darkness sets in, the noon intermission varying from 1 to 
1J hours. The hours of actual labor of domestic servants range from 
10 to 11 per day, beginning at 4 or 5 a. m. and continuing until 7 p. m., 
with several intermissions for rest, aggregating from 3 to 4 hours 
per day. 

The statistics on wages are presented in three separate tables. The 
first table shows the number of localities for which data have been 
reported, the wages per year, and the additional allowances for over- 
seers, laborers, and domestic servants on large landed estates; the 
second table shows the same facts for laborers and domestic servants 
on smaller landed properties, and the third table shows by seasons the 
daily wages of day laborers, with and without board. 

The table following shows the lowest and the highest average daily 
wages paid to farm laborers employed by the day on large and small 
landed properties in the western and eastern sections of the district. 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



13 



AVERAGE DAILY WAGES OF FARM LABORERS IN THE OSTRAU-KARWIN COAL-MINE 

DISTRICT, 1901. 





Men. 


Women. 


Young persons. 


Season. 


With board. 


Without 
board. 


With board. 


Without 
board. 


With board. 


Without 
board. 




Low- 
est. 


High- 
est. 


Low- 
est. 


High- 
est. 


Low- 
est. 


High- 
est. 


Low- 
est. 


High- 
est. 


Low- 
est. 


High- 
est. 


Low- 
est. 


High- 
est. 


Large landed properties, 
western section: (a) 
Spring and fall 






$0.22 
.28 
.19 
.14 

.22 
.26 
.14 
.14 

.28 
.35 
.19 

.18 

.26 
.28 
.18 
.16 


$0.32 
.47 
.26 
.61 

.32 
.47 
.30 
.61 

.61 
.66 
.53 
.71 

.56 
.66 
.46 
.71 






$0.14 
.17 
.14 
.10 

.13 
.14 
.11 
.10 

.20 
.22 
.14 
.12 

.15 
.18 
.10 
.10 


$0.19 
.26 
.17 
.37 

.17 
.26 
.17 
.37 

.41 
.43 
.32 
.45 

.35 
.45 
.22 
.49 






$0.11 
.14 
.10 

.08 

.11 
.11 

.09 
.08 


$0.13 


Summer 














. 16 


Winter 














.13 


For the year (&) 














.20 


Large landed properties, 
eastern section: (c) 
Spring and fall 














.13 


Summer 














.16 


Winter 














.13 


For the year (b) 














.20 


Small landed properties, 
western section: (<*) 
Spring and fall 


$0.16 
.22 
.11 
.10 

.16 
.18 
.12 
.12 


$0.41 
.46 
.35 
.51 

.45 
.56 
.36 
.61 


$0.10 
.14 
.09 
.08 

.09 
.11 
.07 
.06 


$0.20 
.28 
.18 
.32 

.26 
.37 
.18 
.41 








Summer 


e$0. 16 
e.12 
«.12 


«$0. 16 
«.12 
«.20 


«.32 
c.28 
e.28 


e.32 


Winter 


«.28 


For the year (&) 

Small landed properties, 
eastern section: (/) 
Spring and fall 


«.37 


Summer 










Winter 










For the year (*>) 



















a 12 localities. 
b Actual wages. 



c21 localities. 
d 25 localities. 

AUSTRIA. 



« 1 locality only. 
f31 localities. 



[From Bulletin 59, July, 1905, of the United States Bureau of Labor.j 

Die Lage der Wachter der K. K. Staatsbahnen. Herausgegeben vom 
K. K. Arbeitsstatistischen Amte im Handelsministerium. 1903. 
iii, 91 pp. 

The information contained in this report is based upon an investi- 
gation conducted by the Austrian railway department in 1898 with 
regard to the number of persons employed on the Austrian state 
railways in the class designated as Wachter (watchmen, gate keepers, 
switchmen, track walkers), their earnings, expenditures, and social 
condition. It constitutes the first part of a series of studies on the 
economic and social condition of employees in the service of the 
Government railways in Austria. 

The data relate to conditions existing in 1898. Schedules of 
inquiry were distributed by the railway authorities among their 
respective employees, and after their return and examination were 
subsequently turned over to the bureau of labor statistics for com- 
pilation. 

The report is divided into three chapters. The first chapter treats 
of the yearly earnings, the domicile, conjugal condition, size of 
family, etc., of 7,283 watchmen, etc. {Wachter), employed on the 
Austrian state railways. The data are presented by districts, and 



14 



WAGES AND PKICES OF COMMODITIES. 



show both the actual and relative figures in percentages. The 
salaries of these employees are graduated according to their terms 
of service, amounting during the first 5 years of definite appoint- 
ment to 576 kroner ($116.93) per year, during the next 5 years to 648 
kroner ($131.54) per year, and after 10 years' service to 720 kroner 
($146.16) per year. These amounts are frequently augmented by 
supplementary allowances and premiums. 

The information presented in the second chapter relates to the 
housing of 442 families and to the annual income of 447 families, 
the sources from which this income was derived, and the purposes 
for which it was expended. Under the subject of housing, detailed 
information is given, by districts and by size of families, on the 
number of rooms occupied by them, the size of the rooms, and the 
amount of space, in cubic meters, apportioned to the occupants. 

The third chapter contains data in the form of budgets giving 
detailed descriptions relative to the domestic and economic condi- 
tion of 33 representative individuals located in different districts, 
each district being represented by 3 families selected with refer- 
ence to their general conditions, graded as good, moderate, and 
unfavorable. 

An appendix gives copies of schedules used in the investigation 
and a table showing in detail the yearly income of each of the 33 
families considered in the third chapter, their expenditures, and 
surplus or deficit at the end of the year. 

The following table, taken from the report, shows, by districts, the 
average yearly income and expenditures of 447 families and their 
expenditures in detail, expressed in percentages: 

AVERAGE INCOME AND EXPENDITURES, AND PER CENT OF EXPENDITURES FOR 
VARIOUS PURPOSES, IN THE FAMILIES OF 447 WATCHMEN, ETC., EMPLOYED ON 
THE AUSTRIAN STATE RAILWAYS IN 1898. 





Num- 
ber 
of 

fami- 
lies. 


Average 
income 

per 
family. 


Average 
expendi- 
tures per 
family. 


Per cent of expenditures for— 


Districts. 


Food. 


Rent. 


Heat- 
ing and 
light- 
ing. 


Cloth- 
ing. 


Educa- 
tion of 
chil- 
dren. 


Serv- 
ants. 


Taxes 
and 
insur- 
ance. 


Vienna (®) 


42 
40 
40 
40 
46 
40 
40 
40 
40 
39 
40 


$231.96 
201.44 
230. 57 
197. 85 
192. 57 
191. 81 

- 191. 68 
186. 14 
164.80 
165. 13 
166. 16 


$233. 38 
180. 26 
213. 77 
183. 72 
237. 12 
197. 98 
185. 84 
201.87 
185. 56 
211.21 
185. 63 


58.1 
63.9 
63.6 
59.1 
64.8 
59.4 
62.3 
61.6 
59.1 
58.2. 
54.4 


15.4 

8.8 
10.7 
10.3 

7.9 
11.3 

9.7 
10.3 
10.4 

9.9 
11.8 


9.0 
6.5 
10.3 
7.3 
5.3 
8.2 
6.2 
4.5 
7.9 
6.4 
9.9 


16.1 
12.9 
13.7 
19.1 
17.9 
17.0 
17.9 
16.3 
15.5 
16.9 
17.0 


0.8 

5.8 
1.3 
3.4 
3.9 
3.5 
2.6 
6.5 
3.3 
2.7 
3.1 


0.9 
.3 

.3 

.2 

1.9 

2.4 
2.1 


0.4 


Linz 


1.2 


Innsbruck 


.4 


Villach 


.5 


Pilsen 


.2 


Prague 


.6 


Olmiitz (a) 


.9 


Trieste 


.6 


Cracow 


1.9 


Lemberg 


3.5 


Stanislau 


1.7 






Total 


447 


192. 97 


202. 09 


60.5 


10.6 


7.4 


16.4 


3.3 


.7 


1.1 







a The percentages for this district do not add 100.0. They are reproduced as found in the original report. 

It appears from the foregoing table that in seven districts the 
average income per family was insufficient to cover the family 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



15 



expenditures, the deficit being especially striking in the districts of 
Pilsen and Lemberg. It is stated in the introduction of the report, 
however, that as a result of this investigation the condition of this 
class of employees has since been materially improved in various 
ways, especially in an increase of 50 per cent in their allowance for 
rent and further increases in their salaries after 15 years' service. 

BELGIUM. 

[From Bulletin 69, March, 1907, of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

Salaires et Duree du Travail dans les Industries Textiles au Mois 
d'Octobre, 1901. Office du Travail, Ministere de l'lndustrie et du 
Travail, 1905. xx, 427, 691 pp. 

This volume presents the results of an inquiry made by the Belgian 
labor office into the question of wages and working time in the textile 
industries of that country. The investigation was restricted to 
establishments having 10 or more employees, except in the case of 22 
smaller establishments which were included for some special reasons. 
It does not include in its scope working people who are members of 
the families of the proprietors. Superintendents, overseers, engineers, 
bookkeepers, and other office employees were likewise excluded from 
the report, except foremen of gangs who worked with their sub- 
ordinates, who have been considered as workmen. The report covers 
813 textile establishments employing 71,512 work people. 

The establishments considered were divided into three classes or 
groups, based on the number of employees, those of the first class 
employing 10 or under 50 work people, those of the second class 
from 50 to 199, and those of the third class 200 or more. The table 
below shows the number of establishments and of employees in each 
class, by industries: 

NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND EMPLOYEES IN EACH CLASSI- 
FIED GROUP OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY INDUSTRIES, 1901. 



Industry. 



Hemp and jute spinning and weaving 

Cotton spinning and weaving 

Linen spinning and weaving 

Wool spinning and weaving 

Silk spinning and weaving 

Hair spinning and weaving 

Ropes and special fabrics 

Finishing, bleaching, printing, dyeing, etc. 

Total 



Establishments having 10 
or under 50 employees, (<*) 



Establish- 
ments. 



Num- 
ber. 



6 

35 

27 

143 

9 

2 

105 

134 



401 



Per 
cent. 



20.69 
31.82 
28.72 
59.60 
81.82 
100.00 
66.04 
79.77 



56.70 



Employees. 



Num- 
ber. 



138 

962 

758 

3, 806 

245 

37 

2,567 

2,887 



11,400 



Per 

cent. 



4.31 

7.28 

3.64 

19.82 

53.72 

100. 00 

30.57 

46.64 



15.94 



Establishments having 
from 50 to 199 em- 
ployees. 



Establish- 
ments. 



Num- 
ber. 



50 
32 



272 



Per 
cent. 



72.41 
47.27 
42.56 
31.25 
18.18 



31.45 
19.05 



33.46 



Employees. 



N um- 
ber. 



2. 386 
5,331 
4,040 
7,478 
211 



4,381 
2.735 



26, 562 



Per 
cent. 



74.60 
40.38 
19.40 
38.95 
46.28 



52.16 
44.19 



37.14 



a Including 22 establishments having fewer than 10 employees. 



16 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND EMPLOYEES IN EACH CLASSI- 
FIED GROUP OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY INDUSTRIES, 1901— Concluded. 



Industry. 



Hemp and jute spinning and weaving 

Cotton spinning and weaving 

Linen spinning and weaving 

Wool spinning and weaving 

Silk spinning and weaving 

Hair spinning and weaving 

Ropes and special fabrics 

Finishing, bleaching, printing, dyeing, etc.. 

Total 



Establishments having 200 
or more employees. 



Establish- 
ments. 



Num- 
ber. 



80 



Per 
cent. 



6.90 
20.91 
28.72 

9.15 



2.51 
1.18 



9.84 



Employees. 



Num- 
ber. 



674 

6,912 

16,030 

7,9.17 



1,450 
567 



33,550 



Per 

cent. 



21.09 
52.34 
76.96 
41.23 



17.27 
9.17 



46.92 



Total 
establish- 
ments. 



29 
110 

94 
240 

11 

2 

159 

168 



813 



Total, 
employees. 



3,198 

13,205 

20, 828 

19,201 

456 

37 

8,398 

6,189 



71,512 



Practically 75 per cent of all textile employees are found in the cot- 
ton, linen, and wool industries. The next most important group is 
that of " ropes and special fabrics," which includes knit goods and lace 
making as two of the more important industries composing it. Con- 
sidering the three more important industries, the largest number 
of small establishments is found in that of wool spinning and weaving, 
59.60 per cent of the establishments shown in this industry having 
10 or under 50 employees; 41.23 per cent of the employees, however, 
are found in those establishments having 200 or more employees. On 
the other hand, the greatest proportion of large establishments and 
of employees in large establishments are found in the linen industry. 
Such establishments form 28.72 per cent of the total number in this 
industry and employ 76.96 per cent of the work people engaged 
therein. 

The following tables show the distribution of employees in each 
industry by age and sex: 

NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES OF EACH SEX AND OF EACH AGE GROUP, 

BY INDUSTRIES, 1901. 



Industry. 



Hemp and jute spinning and weaving 

Cotton spinning and weaving 

Linen spinning and weaving 

Wool spinning and weaving 

Silk spinning and weaving 

Hair spinning and weaving 

Ropes and special fabrics 

Finishing, bleaching, printing, dyeing, etc 

Total 



Males. 



Num- 
ber. 



1,480 

7,016 

9.170 

11,210 

176 

37 

3,211 

5,107 



37, 407 



Per 

cent. 



46.28 
53.13 
44.03 
58.38 
38.60 
100. 00 
38.23 
82.51 



52.31 



Females. 



Num- 
ber. 



1,718 

6,189 

11,658 

7,991 

280 



5,187 
1,082 



34, 105 



Per 
cent. 



53.72 
46.87 
55.97 
41.62 
61.40 



61.77 
17.49 



47.69 



Employees 

under 16 

years of age. 



Num- 
ber. 



702 

2,317 

4,232 

1,705 

37 

10 

1,869 

329 



11,201 



Per 
cent. 



21.95 

17.54 

20.31 

8.8* 

8.12 

27. 03 

22.20 

5.32 



15. C7 



Employees 
16 years of 
age or over. 



Num- 
ber. 



496 
888 
596 
496 
419 
27 
529 
860 



60,311 



Per 
cent. 



78.05 
82.46 
79.69 
91.12 
91.88 
72.97 
77.74 
94.68 



84.33 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



17 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF MALE AND FEMALE EMPLOYEES IN EACH AGE GROUP, 

BY INDUSTRIES, 1901. 



Industry. 



Males. 



Under 16 
years of age. 



Num- 
ber. 



Per 

cent. 



16 years of 
age or over. 



Num- 
ber. 



Per 
cent. 



Females. 



Under 16 
years of age. 



Num- 
ber. 



Per 
cent. 



16 years of 
age or over. 



Num- 
ber. 



Per 
cent. 



Hemp and jute spinning and weaving 

Cotton spinning and weaving 

Linen spinning and weaving 

Wool spinning and weaving 

Silk spinning and weaving 

Hair spinning and weaving 

Ropes and special fabrics 

Finishing, bleaching, printing, dyeing, etc.. 

Total 



272 

1,037 

2,111 

848 

5 

10 
602 
248 



8.50 
7.85 

10.13 
4.42 
1.10 

27.03 
7.17 
4.01 



1,208 

5,979 

7,059 

10, 362 

171 

27 

2,609 

4,859 



37.78 
45.28 
33.90 
53.96 
37.50 
72.97 
31.06 
78.50 



430 
1,280 
2,121 

857 
32 



1,288 
4,909 
9,537 
7,134 
248 



1,267 
81 



3,920 
1,001 



5,133 



7.18 



32,274 



45.13 



6,068 



8.49 



28,037 



40.27 
37.18 
45.79 
37.16 
54.38 



46.68 
16.18 



39.20 



Aside from the unimportant industry of hair spinning and weaving, 
in which only males are employed, males are found in the greatest 
proportion in the work of finishing, bleaching, printing, dyeing, etc. 
They also predominate in the working of wool and cotton. It is 
noticeable that in linen and in hemp and jute working, and in the 
making of ropes and special fabrics, in all of which females predomi- 
nate, are also to be found the largest proportion (except for the hair- 
working industry) of employees under 16 years of age. In the silk 
industry, on the other hand, while female employees are considerably 
in the majority there is only a small proportion of children employed. 
Other industries employing small percentages of children are the 
finishing, bleaching, etc., works, and the manufacture of woolen 
goods. Females constitute somewhat less than one-half and children 
under 16 years of age a little less than one-sixth of the total number 
of textile employees in Belgium. Females under 16 form a slightly 
larger proportion of textile workers than do the males under 16, 
while the proportion of females over 1 6 years of age falls considerably 
below that of males of the same age group. 

In the following table is given the number of employees, classified 
by sex and age, who receive specified daily wages, taking all textile 
industries together. 

48310— S. Doc. 631, 61-2 2 



3.' 



18 



WAGES AND PKICES OF COMMODITIES. 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES RECEIVING SPECIFIED WAGES, BY SEX 

AND AGE GROUPS, 1901. 



Daily wages. 



Males. 



Under 16 
years 
of age. 



Num- 
ber. 



Per 

cent. 



16 years 

of age or 

over. 



Num- 
ber. 



Per 

cent. 



Females. 



Under 16 
years 
of age. 



Num- 
ber. 



Per 
cent. 



16 years 

of age or 

over. 



Num- 
ber. 



Per 

cent. 



Total. 



Num- 
ber. 



Per 
cent. 



Less than 0.50 franc ($0.097) 

0.50 to 0.74 franc ($0,097 to $0,143) .. 
0.75 to 0.99 franc ($0,145 to $0.191) . . 
1.00 to 1.24 francs ($0,193 to $0.239) . 
1.25 to 1.49 francs (80.241 to $0,288). 
1.50 to 1.74 francs ($0,290 to $0,336). 
1.75 to 1.99 francs ($0,338 to $0,384). 
2.00 to 2.24 francs ($0,386 to $0.432) . 
2.25 to 2.49 francs ($0,434 to $0.481) . 
2.50 to 2.99 francs ($0,483 to $0,577). 
3.00 to 3.49 francs ($0,579 to $0.674) . 
3.50 to 3.99 francs ($0,676 to $0.770) . 
4.00 to 4.49 francs ($0,772 to $0.867) . 
4.50 to 4.99 francs ($0,869 to $0.963) . 
5.00 to 5.49 francs ($0,965 to $1.060) . 
5.50 to 5.99 francs ($1,062 to $1.156) . 
6.00 to 6.49 francs ($1,158 to $1,253). 
6.50 to 6.99 francs ($1,255 to $1.349) . 
7.00 to 7.49 francs ($1,351 to $1.446) . 
7.50 to 7.99 francs ($1,448 to $1,542) . 
8.00 francs ($1,544) or over 



104 

791 

1,286 

1,735 

730 

240 

170 

54 

10 

13 



2.03 

15.41 

25.06 

33.80 

14.22 

4.68 

3.31 

1.05 

.19 

.25 



61 

442 

820 

1,487 

1,733 

3,269 

3,761 

7,242 

5,434 

3,420 

2,233 

1,172 

560 

298 

162 

88 

33 

22 

29 



0.02 

.19 

1.37 

2.54 

4.60 

5.37 

10.13 

11.65 

22.45 

16.84 

10.60 

6.92 

3.63 

1.74 

.92 

.50 

.27 

.10 

.07 

.09 



290 

1,031 

1,975 

1,471 

776 

395 

95 

20 

14 

1 



4.78 

16.99 

32.55 

24.24 

12.79 

6.51 

1.57 

.33 

.23 

.01 



2 

56 

315 

2,755 

4,574 

4,734 

3,817 

3,945 

2,953 

3,300 

1,129 

261 

128 

44 

17 

5 

2 



0.01 

.20 

1.12 

9.83 

16.31 

16.88 

13.61 

14.07 

10.53 

11.77 

4.03 

.93 

.46 

.16 

.06 

.02 

.01 



396 

1,886 

3,637 

6,403 

6,900 

6,856 

5,815 

7,288 

6,738 

10, 556 

6,563 

3,681 

2,361 

1,216 

577 

303 

164 

88 

33 

22 

29 



0.55 
2.64 
5.09 
8.95 
9.65 
9.59 
8.13 

10.19 
9.42 

14.76 
9.18 
5.15 



.30 
.70 
.81 
.42 
.23 
.12 
.05 
.03 
.04 



Total. 



5,133 



100. 00l32, 274 



100. 00 



6, 068 100. 00 



28, 037 



100. 00 



71,512 



100. 00 



The largest wage classes for minors under 16 years of age are those 
which receive from 1.00 to 1.24 francs (19.3 to 23.9 cents) for males 
and from 0.75 to 0.99 franc (14.5 to 19.1 cents) for females. No 
employees of this age group receive more than 2.99 francs (57.7 cents) 
per day. The largest wage class of adult female employees is that 
which receives from 1.50 to 1.74 francs (29.0 to 33.6 cents) daily. 
Less than 1 per cent of the adult females receive more than 3.99 
francs (77 cents) per day. A strict comparison with adult males is 
not feasible, owing to the adoption of a range of 50 centimes (9.7 cents) 
after reaching the rate of 3 francs (57.9 cents) per day. It would 
appear, however, that the most common rate of daily wages for 
adult males was approximately 50 cents. Of adult females, 44.35 per 
cent receive less than .1.75 francs (33.8 cents) per day, while the 
number of adult males receiving less than this sum is but 8.72 per 
cent of the total. The median rate for males, or the rate above and 
below which an equal number of employees are found, lies between 
2.50 and 2.99 francs (48.3 and 57.7 cents). The number of adult 
males receiving in excess of 5.49 francs ($1.06) per day is only 1.95 per 
cent of the total number, while the number of all employees receiving 
more than this amount is but 0.89 per cent of the grand total. The 
most common daily earnings, considering all classes of employees 
together, lies between 2.50 and 2.99 francs (48.3 and 57.7 cents). 



WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 



19 



The following table shows the distribution of the employees 16 
years of age or over in the four principal textile industries, according 
to sex and wage groups. 

PER CENT OF MALE AND FEMALE EMPLOYEES 16 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER 
RECEIVING SPECIFIED WAGES IN FOUR PRINCIPAL TEXTILE INDUSTRIES, 1901. 

MALES. 



Daily wages. 



Per cent of employees receiving 
specified earnings in— 



Hemp 
and jute. 



Cotton. 



Linen. 



Wool. 



Less than 1 franc (§0.193). . 
1.00 to 1.24 francs (80.193 to 
1.25 to 1.49 francs (§0.241 to 
1.50 to 1.74 francs ($0,290 to 
1.75 to 1.99 francs (S0.338 to 
2.00 to 2.24 francs (§0.386 to 
2.25 to 2.49 francs (80.434 to 
2.50 to 2.74 francs ($0,483 to 
2.75 to 2.99 francs (80.531 to 
3.00 to 3.49 francs (80.579 to 
3.50 to 3.99 francs (§0.676 to 
4.00 to 4.49 francs ($0,772 to 
4.50 to 4.99 francs ($0,869 to 
5.00 to 5.49 francs ($0,965 to 
5.50 francs ($1,062) or over. 



.239). 
.288). 
.336). 
.384). 
.432). 
.481). 
.529). 
.577). 
.674). 
.770). 
.867). 
.963). 
.060) . 



Total. 



1.57 

5.55 

9.60 

8.94 

8.86 

18.87 

17.13 

15.40 

5.63 

4.55 



100.00 



0.13 

1.20 

2.58 

4.93 

6.67 

9.70 

10.09 

12.16 

10.84 

17.56 

11.36 

6.81 

3.23 

1.47 

1.27 



0.28 

1.98 

3.54 

5.82 

7.81 

15.43 

17.55 

14.00 

9.87 

12.20 

6.50 

3.41 

1.12 

.31 

.18 



100.00 



100.00 



0.06 

.72 

1.33 

3.10 

3.35 

6.07 

6.09 

10.11 

8.92 

19.51 

14.89 

11.37 

6.81 

3.42 

4.25 



100. 00 



FEMALES. 



Less than 0.75 franc ($0.145) 

0.75 to 0.99 franc ($0,145 to $0.191) . 
1.00 to 1.24 francs ($0,193 to $0,239) 
1.25 to 1.49 francs ($0,241 to $0,288) 
1.50 to 1.74 francs ($0,290 to $0,336) 
1.75 to 1.99 francs (§0.338 to $0,384) 
2.00 to 2.24 francs ($0,386 to $0,432) 
2.25 to 2.49 francs ($0,434 to $0,481) 
2.50 to 2.99 francs (§0.483 to $0,577) 
3.00 to 3.49 francs ($0,579 to $0,674) 
3.50 to 3.99 francs (§0.676 to $0,770) 
4.00 francs ($0,772) or over 

Total 



0.08 


0.08 


0.13 


.78 


.53 


.65 


22.13 


< . 56 


7.18 


35.17 


11.33 


19.16 


10.69 


16. 66 


20.59 


4.89 


lti. 40 


17.75 


•9.08 


14.46 


16.84 


5.74 


12.18 


10.94 


3.88 


14.50 


5.02 


1.40 


5.19 


1.47 


.08 


.86 


.22 


.08 


.25 


.05 


100. 00 


100. 00 


100. 00 



0.18 

.52 

7.28 

10.95 

11.05 

8.44 

11.98 

13.18 

23.37 

8.30 

2.51 

2.24 



100. 00 



From this table it is apparent that the industries may be graded on 
the basis of rates of wages paid in the following ascending order, viz, 
hemp and jute, linen, cotton, and wool. 

This fact further appears in the following table, in which there is a 
presentation of the same industries making a further subdivision of 
occupations under the two general heads of spinning and weaving. 
Employees not properly belonging to one or the other of these two 
branches of manufacture are omitted, as are also employees under 16 
years of age, as in the last preceding table. The industries are 
arranged in the order of increasing rates of daily wages, and the 
employees in each industry are distributed into median and quartile 
groups. The median group includes the middle half of the employees, 
grouped on the basis of wages. The low quartile includes that 25 
per cent of the employees who receive less than the members of the 



20 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



median group, and the high quartile that 25 per cent whose wages 
exceed those of the median group. 

In the following table the median and quartile limits are only 
approximately observed, inasmuch as to do otherwise would necessi- 
tate the breaking up of the wage classifications heretofore followed. 
The actual percentages embraced in the approximate groups are given 
in connection with the rates of wages indicated. 



DAILY WAGES RECEIVED BY THE ONE-FOURTH OF EMPLOYEES 16 YEARS OF AGE 
OR OVER RECEIVING LOWEST WAGES, THE ONE-FOURTH RECEIVING THE 
HIGHEST WAGES, AND THE MEDIAN HALF, IN SPINNING AND WEAVING IN PRIN- 
CIPAL TEXTILE INDUSTRIES, 1901. 

[In this table the attempt has been made to divide the employees into groups containing the one-fourth 
receiving the lowest daily wages, the one-fourth receiving the highest daily wages, and the remaining 
(median) half, but the grouping is only approximate, inasmuch as the daily wages were classified by 
rates 0.25 franc (5 cents) apart. The exact percentage of the employees contained in each group is shown.] 

MALES. 





Total 
em- 
ployees. 


The one-fourth of em- 
ployees receiving 
lowest daily wages. 


The median half of 
employees. 


The one-fourth of em- 
ployees receiving- 
highest daily wages. 


Industry. 


Daily wages. 


Per 

cent of 

em- 
ployees 

in- 
cluded. 


Daily wages. 


Per 

cent of 

em- 
ployees 

in- 
cluded. 


Daily wages. 


Per 

cent of 

em- 
ployees 

in- 
cluded. 


Spinning: 
Hemp and jute... 
Linen 


256 
1,354 
1,364 

2,474 
1,208 


Under $0,338 

" .434 

" .434 

" .483 

.579 


30.47 
24.37 
27.72 
23.76 
25.00 


$0,338 to $0,481 
.434" .529 
.434" .674 
.483 " .770 
.579" .867 


46.87 
49.04 
49.33 
54.41 
47.10 


$0. 483 or over. 
.531 " " 

.676 " " 
.772 " " 
.869 " " 


22.66 
26.59 


Cotton 


22.95 


Wool, carded 

Wool, combed 


21.83 
27.90 


Total 


6,656 




























Weaving: 
Hemp and jute... 
Linen 


707 
3,473 
2,926 
3,689 


Under $0,338 
" . 386 
" . 434 
" . 483 


28.99 
24.55 
27.46 
26.78 


$0. 338 to $0. 481 
. 386 " . 577 
. 434 " . 674 
.483 " .770 


46.96 
51.44 
50.78 
50.45 


$0. 483 or over. 
.579 " " 
.676" " 
.772 " " 


24.05 
24.01 


Cotton 


21.76 


Wool 


22.77 






Total 


10, 795 





























FEMALES. 



Spinning: 
Hemp and jute... 

Linen 

Cotton 

Wool, combed 

Wool, carded 


1,021 
6,895 
2,697 
1,641 
851 


Under $0,241 

. 290 

" . 290 

" .290 

" . 386 


19.40 
28.39 
17.96 
20.66 
24.09 


$0. 241 to $0. 336 
. 290 " . 432 
. 290 " . 432 
. 290 " . 481 
.386" .577 


51.61 

52.67 
48.50 
45.64 
53.12 


$0. 338 or over. 
.434 " " 
. 434 " " 
.483 " " 
.579 " " 


28.99 
18.94 
33.54 
33.70 
22.79 


Total 


13,105 




























Weaving: 
Hemp and jute... 
Linen 


194 
2,093 
1,695 

2,464 


Under $0,241 

.290 

" .338 

" .338 


29.38 
23.79 
29.33 
24.83 


$0. 241 to $0. 336 
.290" .384 
.338" .481 
.338" .577 


58.25 
45.44 
43.36 
54.60 


$0. 338 or over. 
.386 " " 
.483 " " 
.579 " " 


12.37 

30.77 


Cotton 


27.31 


Wool 


20.57 






Total 


6,446 





























The regularity of the series as arranged above is quite apparent. 
Among males the low quartiles in linen and cotton do not show the 



WAGES AND PKICES OF COMMODITIES. 



21 



higher wage rank of the latter, but it is fully brought out by the 
showing of the median group, from which it appears that the wage 
limit of the middle half of the employees engaged in spinning cotton 
is nearly 15 cents per day higher than for linen. The increase of rates 
is unbroken in weaving. Among females the proof of the better wage 
payments in the cotton industry is less apparent. Another presen- 
tation in the report, however, shows that the number of female cot- 
ton spinners who receive 2.50 francs (48 cents) or over is 20.17 per 
cent of all female cotton spinners, while only 6.17 per cent of the 
female linen spinners come within this wage group. It is noticeable 
that combed wool and carded wool take reversed positions in the 
case of female spinners from that found among males. 

In the table next presented are given the actual hours of labor per 
day (rest time excluded) of employees in textile industries, children 
under 16, adult males, and adult females being shown separately. 
The totals are not identical with those previously shown, as 4 males 
and 33 females had variable working hours and are not here included. 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF CHILDREN UNDER 16 AND OF MALES AND FEMALES 16 
YEARS OF AGE OR OVER WORKING EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS PER 
DAY, 1901. 



Hours of labor per day. 


Children under 
16 years of age. 


Males 16 years 
of age or over. 


Females 16 years 
of age or over. 


Total 
employees. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Under 8 


384 
57 
149 
142 
493 
522 

1,937 
595 

5,996 

268 

636 

22 


3.43 
.51 
1.33 
1.27 
4.40 
4.66 

17.29 
5.31 

53.53 

2.39 

5.68 

.20 


15 

127 

781 

376 

1,829 

2,249 

6,880 

3,466 

12, 242 

363 

3,675 

267 


0.05 

.39 

2.42 

1.17 

5.67 

6.97 

21.32 

10,74 

37.94 

1.12 

11.39 

.82 


225 

346 

264 

408 

1,683 

1,516 

5,629 

2,334 

13, 291 

189 

2,056 

63 


0.80 
1.24 

.94 
1.46 
6.01 
5.41 
20.11 
8.33 
47.46 

.67 
7.34 

.23 


624 

530 
1,194 

926 

4,005 

4,287 

14, 446 

6,395 

31,529 

820 
6,367 

352 


0.87 


8 or under 9 


.74 


9 or 9 | 


1.67 


9£ or 9f 


1.30 


10 or lui 


5.60 


10* or lOf 


6.00 


11 


20.21 


11| 


8.95 


11| 


44.11 


llf 


1.15 


12 or under 13 


8.91 


13 or over 


.49 






Total 


11,201 


100. 00 


32, 270 


100. 00 


28, 004 


100. 00 


71,475 


100.00 







Of the 624 employees working less than 8 hours per day, 61.5 per 
cent were children under 16 years of age, 36.1 per cent were females 
16 years of age or over, and only 2.4 per cent were males 16 years of 
age or over. Of those working 12 hours or more daily, on the other 
hand, but 9.8 per cent were under 16 years of age, 31.5 per cent were 
females 16 years of age or over, and 58.7 per cent were males 16 years 
of age or over. The per cent of each of the groups 16 years of age 
or over working 1 1 hours per day corresponds closely to the per cent 
of the total working the same number of hours, while that for the 
children falls below. The per cent of females 16 years of age or over 
and of children under 16 years of age working Hi hours per day 



22 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



considerably exceed the per cent of the total working that number 
of hours. The last-named period is the most usual one in the indus- 
try, 44.11 per cent of all employees working 11J hours, while 73.27 
per cent work from 11 to 11J hours daily. 

The next table gives a general idea of the differences in working 
time in the four principal branches of the textile industry. 

PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES WORKING SPECIFIED HOURS PER DAY IN FOUR PRIN- 
CIPAL TEXTILE INDUSTRIES, 1901. 



Hours oflabor per day. 



Under 11 

11 or under 12 

12 or over 



Hemp 
and jute. 



11.69 

77.49 
10.82 



Cotton. 



9.65 

82.07 

8.28 



Linen. 



7.20 
79.31 
13.49 



Wool. 



20.54 

74.50 

4.96 



This table shows that the employees in the wool industry are most 
advantageously situated as regards hours of labor, while in the linen 
industry is found the greatest percentage of employees having a work- 
ing day of 12 hours or over, and the smallest proportion working 
less than 11 hours. 

Comparative Data, 1901 and 1896.— Extensive comparisons are 
made between the returns for 1896 and those for 1901, covering the 
various phases of the investigation. The following table shows the 
general results of a comparison of sex and age groups of the employees 
at the two periods: 

NUMBER AND PER CENT OF MALE AND FEMALE EMPLOYEES IN TEXTILE 
INDUSTRIES, BY AGE GROUPS, 1896 AND 1901. 



Sex and age group. 



Males: 

Under 16 years of age . 
16 years of age or over 

Total 

Females: 

Under 16 years of age . 
16 years of age or over 

Total 



1896. 



Number. Per cent 



4,872 
30,242 



35,114 



6,597 
26,330 



32, 927 



7.16 
44.45 



51.61 



9.70 
38. 69 



48.39 



1901. 



Number. Per cent 



5,117 
32,153 



37,270 



6,064 
27, 922 



33, 986 



7.18 
45.12 



52.30 



8.51 
39.19 



47.70 



There has been a general increase in the number of employees 
within the period. The number of females under 16 years of age 
decreased, however, and the excess of male employees noticeable in 
1896 is somewhat increased in 1901. 

In the following table are given comparative statements of wage 
classes in 1896 and 1901, showing the percentage of employees of each 
sex and age belonging to each class at the two periods: 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



23 



PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES RECEIVING SPECIFIED WAGES IN EACH SEX AND AGE 

GROUP, 1896 AND 1901. 



Daily wages. 



MALES 16 YEARS OF AGE OR 
OVER. 

Less than 1.50 francs ($0,290). 
1.50 to 1.99 francs ($0,290 to 

$0.384) 

2.00 to 2.49 francs ($0,386 to 

$0.481) 

2.50 to 2.99 francs ($0,483 to 

$0.577) 

3.00 to 3.49 francs ($0,579 to 

$0.674) 

3.50 to 3.99 francs ($0,676 to 

$0.770) 

4.00 to 4.49 francs ($0,772 to 

$0.867) 

4.50 to 4.99 francs ($0,869 to 

$0.963) 

5.00 to 5.49 francs ($0,965 to 

$1.060) 

5.50 francs ($1,062) or over. . . 

MALES UNDER 16 YEARS OF 
AGE. 

Less than 0.50 franc ($0,097). 
0.50 to 0.99 franc ($0,097 to 

$0.191) 

1.00 to 1.49 francs ($0,193 to 

$0.288) 

1.50 francs ($0,290) or over. . . 



Per cent of 
employees 



1896. 1901 



5.12 

11.97 

20.97 

23.61 

16.07 

10.41 

6.15 

2.61 

1.66 
1.43 

3.51 

38.44 

43.41 
14.64 



4.13 

..99 

21.79 

22.47 

16.80 

10.56 

6.91 

3.64 

1.74 
1.97 

2.03 

40.41 

48.04 
9.52 



In- 
crease 
(+) or 

de- 
crease 
(-) in 
1901 



-0.99 

-1.98 

+0.82 

-1.14 

+0.73 

+0.15 

+0.76 

+1.03 

+0.08 
+0.54 

-1.48 

+ 1.97 

+4.63 
-5.12 



Daily wages. 



FEMALES 16 YEARS OF AGE 
OR OVER. 

Less than 1 franc ($0.193). . . 
1.00 to 1.49 francs ($0,193 to 

$0.288) 

1.50 to 1.99 francs ($0,290 to 

$0.384) 

2.00 to 2.49 francs ($0,386 to 

$0.481) 

2.50 to 2.99 francs ($0,483 to 

$0.577) 

3.00 to 3.49 francs ($0,579 to 

$0.674) 

3.50 to 3.99 francs ($0,676 to 

$0.770) 

4.00 francs ($0,772) or over. . 

FEMALES UNDER 16 YEARS 
OF AGE. 

Less than 0.50 franc ($0,097). 

0.50 to 0.99 franc ($0,097 to 

$0.191) 

1.00 franc ($0,193) or over. . . 



Per cent of 

employees 

in — 


1896. 


1901. 


4.17 


1.33 


26.80 


26.22 


30.84 


30.55 


22.04 


24.52 


10.68 


11.77 


3.98 


3.99 


1.11 
0.38" 


0.94 
0.68 


5.30 


5.47 


46.97 
47.73 


50.58 
43.95 



In- 
crease 
(+) or 

de- 
crease 
(-)in 
1901. 



-2.84 

-0.58 

-0.29 

+2.48 

+1.09 

+0.01 

-0.17 
+0.30 

+0.17 

+3.61 
-3.78 



This table shows that the changes in wage rates within the five 
years covered have been but slight, though there has been a tendency 
to diminish the groups of adults receiving the smaller rates and to 
increase the numbers of the better-paid groups. In the case of chil- 
dren under 16, both the higher and lower groups are drawm upon to 
increase the proportion receiving the mean rates. 

The concluding table presents a comparison of the percentages of 
the employees, distributed by age and sex, who were employed for 
specified hours of labor in 1896 and 1901. The hours given are actual 
working time, intervals of rest having been deducted. 

PER CENT OF CHILDREN UNDER 16, AND OF MALES AND FEMALES 16 YEARS OF AGE 
OR OVER, WORKING EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS PER DAY, 1896 AND 1901. 



Hours of labor per day. 


Children under 
16 years of age. 


Males 16 years 
of age or over. 


Females 16 

years of age or 

over. 


Total em- 
ployees. 




1896. 


1901. 


1896. 


1901. 


1896. 


1901. 


1896. 


1901. 


Less than 8 : 


0.12 

.34 

.67 

.32 

5.28 

7.34 

12.79 

13.12 

53.31 

1.45 

5.26 


3.43 
.51 

1.33 
1.27 
4.37 
4.57 

17.33 
5.32 

53.60 

2.40 

5.67 

.20 


0.06 

.25 

.40 

.46 

6.41 

7.38 

17.37 

17. 52 

35.83 

2.58 

10.60 

1.14 


0.05 

.40 

2.43 

1.17 

5.61 

6.70 

21.27 

10.81 

38.16 

1.13 

11.44 

.83 


0.36 

.02 

1.18 

.43 

7.26 

6.39 

15.48 

12.41 

45.55 

2.75 

7.80 

.37 


0.81 
1.24 

.95 
1.47 
5.93 
5.24 
19.90 
8.39 
47.77 

.68 
7.39 

.23 


0.18 

.18 

.75 

.43 

6.55 

6.99 

15.84 

14.77 

42.62 

2.45 

8.59 

.65 


0.88 


8 or less than 9 


.75 


9or9£ 


1.68 


9ior9f 


1.30 


10orl01 


5.54 


lOior 10£ 


5.79 


11 


20.11 


ni 


9.00 


n§ 


44.35 


ill 


1.16 


12 or less than 13 


8.95 


13 or over 


.49 








Total 


100.00 


100. 00 


100. 00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100. 00 







24 WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 

This table requires but little comment. No marked changes in 
the daily work period have taken place in the interval covered. 
Slight increases in the percentages for the shortest working hours are 
apparent, but the groups working 11 and 11J hours were propor- 
tionately larger in 1901 than in 1896, while for the longer work 
periods there was only a slight total reduction, which was enjoyed by 
the adults alone, as the employees under 16 years of age were more 
numerous in these classes in 1901 than in 1896. 

Salaires et Duree du Travail dans les Industries des Metaux au mois 
d'Octobre 1903. Office du Travail, Ministere de PIndustrie et du 
Travail. 1907. 54, xiii, 1103 pp. 

[From Bulletin 83, July, 1909, of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

The report named above presents data as to wages and hours of 
labor in the metal-working industries of Belgium, and is the third of 
a series covering the principal industries of that country, the pre- 
ceding reports having reference to coal mining and textile industries, 
respectively. These three groups of industries include almost one- 
half the industrial population of Belgium as shown by the census of 
1896, there being 116,274 persons employed in coal mines, 82,768 in 
textile industries, and 99,641 in metal working, out of a total 
employed population of 671,596 persons. The present report deals 
with a total of 93,050 persons, or 93.4 per cent of the number shown by 
the census of 1896. Detailed analyses of the results of the inquiry 
into the metal-working industries are presented in the second volume, 
the first setting forth the methods and general results of the inquiry. 

The data presented were secured by personal visits of agents of the 
labor office, and relate only to establishments employing ten or more 
persons on October 31, 1903, or during the week or fortnight prior 
thereto, except in four instances in which smaller establishments are 
included for reasons not stated. Members of the proprietors' 
families and superintendents, overseers, engineers, watchmen, book- 
keepers, and other office employees, as well as home workers, are 
excluded from consideration, and the hours of labor reported are 
the hours of actual employment customarily observed in the estab- 
lishments, omitting parts of days and extra time worked. Actual 
wages paid were secured from the pay rolls, omitting pay for over- 
time, but including premiums and gratuities received by the 
employees. 

The two following tables show the number of employees in different 
classes of industries by sex and age; also the number of establish- 
ments considered, arranged according to the number of employees : 



WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 



25 



NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES OF EACH SEX AND AGE GROUP IN SPECIFIED METAL- 
WORKING INDUSTRIES, OCTOBER, 1903. 



Kind of industry. 



Manufacture of common metals 
other than iron 

Iron manufactures 

Machinery and metal products 

Foundries 

Iron founding, loeksmithing, stove 
making 

Bolts, nails, screws, chains, wire, etc 

Firearms 

Cutlery 

Household utensils 

Metal working 

Specialties 

Total 



Males. 



Under 1G 
years ol 



114 

964 

2,081 

591 

266 
598 

79 

9 

330 

18 
328 



5,378 



16 years 
and 
over. 



8,311 
19,870 
32.310 

8,473 

3,233 
2.597 
2,387 
53 
2,114 
895 
3,942 



84, 185 



Total. 



8,425 
20,834 
34,391 

9,064 

3,499 
3,195 
2,466 
62 
2,444 
913 
4,270 



89,563 



Females. 



Under 

16 
years 
of age. 



6 
31 
18 



14 

146 
10 



237 
15 
97 



574 



16 
years 
and 
over. 



73 
421 
339 

30 

41 
548 
360 



661 

62 

378 



2,913 



Total. 



79 
452 
357 

30 

55 
694 
370 



77 
475 



3,487 



Total 
employ- 
ees. 



8,504 
21,286 
34,748 

9,094 

3,554 
3,889 
2,836 
62 
3,342 
990 
4,745 



93,050 



Of the total number of employees, only 3,487, or 3.7 per cent, are 
females, of whom 574 were under 16 years of age. Females were 
employed in every industrial group but one. The total number of 
employees under 16 years of age was 5,952, or 6.4 per cent of the 
whole number. Two industries, classed in the table as iron manu- 
factures (including blast furnaces, the manufacture of steel, iron, 
puddling, and the manufacture of iron and steel plates) and machin- 
ery and metal products (including the construction of engines, 
boilers, and locomotives, shipbuilding, etc.), employ 56,034 persons, 
or 60.2 per cent of the total, no other industry having as many as 
10,000 employees. 

NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS HAVING EACH CLASSIFIED NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 
IN SPECIFIED METAL-WORKING INDUSTRIES, OCTOBER, 1903. 





Establishments having employees numbering — 


Total 


Kind of industry. 


Under 
10. 


10 
to 
19. 


20 
to 
49. 


50 
to 
99. 


100 
to 
199. 


200 

to 

299. 


300 
to 

399. 


400 

to 

499. 


500 

to 

999. 


1,000 

to 
1,999. 


estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


Manufacture of common 
metals other than iron 




% 

2 


2 
2 

148 

98 

28 

13 
18 
1 
6 
11 
43 


1 

5 

66 
26 

14 

12 
7 


11 
18 

39 
11 

3 

9 
3 


1 
9 

12 
1 

2 

4 


1 
10 

11 
1 

1 

1 
1 


1 
5 

8 
1 


9 
12 

10 
1 


1 
1 


28 


Iron manufactures 




62 


Machinery and metal prod- 
ucts 




110 

86 

45 

11 
14 

3 
10 

8 
44 


405 


Foundries 


2 


227 


Iron founding, loeksmith- 
ing, stove making 


93 


Bolts, nails, screws, chains, 
wire, etc 










50 


Firearms 






1 




44 


Cutlery 




4 


Household utensils 




2 

2 

20 


2 
3 

7 


3 


4 




1 




28 


Metal working 




24 


Specialties 


2 


1 




1 






118 










Total 


4 


333 


370 


155 


106 


33 


30 


16 


34 


2 


1,083 







26 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES 



Of the establishments under consideration, 337, or nearly one- 
third, have fewer than 20 employees, while the number having 
from 20 to 49 employees includes rather more than another third. 
Only 36 establishments have 500 employees and over. 

Wages are presented for different classes of employees, the next 
table showing the number of adult male employees receiving the 
various rates of wages indicated. The wages of 49 workmen of this 
group were not obtainable, and they are therefore omitted from this 
presentation. The table shows the wages of males 16 years of age 
and over for a normal day. 

NUMBER AND PER CENT OF MALES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN METAL-WORKING 
INDUSTRIES RECEIVING EACH SPECIFIED RATE OF WAGES, OCTOBER, 1903. 



Rate of wages. 



Less than 1.50 francs ($0.290). . . 
1.50 to 1.74 francs ($0,290 to 

$0.336) 

1.75 to 1.99 francs ($0,338 to 

$0.384) 

2.00 to 2.24 francs ($0,386 to 

$0.432) 

2.25 to 2.49 francs ($0,434 to 

$0.481) 

2.50 to 2.74 francs ($0,483 to 

$0,529). 
2.75 " to 2.99 "francs " ($6.531 " to 

$0.577) 

3.00 to 3.24 francs ($0,579 to 

$0.625) 

3.25 to 3.49 francs ($0,627 to 

$0.674) 

3.50 to 3.74 francs ($0,676 to 

$0.722) 

3.75 to 3.99 francs ($0,724 to 

$0.770) 

4.00 to 4.24 francs ($0,772 to 

$0.818) 

4.25 to 4.49 francs ($0,820 to 

$0.867) 



Employees. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


978 


1.16 


1,495 


1.78 


1,442 


1.71 


2,699 


3.21 


2,263 


2.69 


4,407 


5.24 


4,926 


5.86 


9,048 


10.75 


7,079 


8.41 


8,657 


10.29 


6,575 


7.82 


8,071 


9.59 


4,545 


5.40 



Rate of wages. 



4.50 to 4.74 francs ($0,869 to 

$0.915) 

4.75 to 4.99 francs ($0,917 to 

$0.963) 

5.00 to 5.24 francs ($0,965 to 

$1.011) 

5.25 to 5.49 francs ($1,013 to 

$1.060) 

5.50 to 5.74 francs ($1,062 to 

$1.108) 

5.75 to 5.99 francs ($1,110 to 

$1.156) 

6.00 to 6.24 francs ($1,158 to 

$1.204) 

6.25 to 6.49 francs ($1,206 to 

$1.253) 

6.50 to 6*74 francs ($1,255 to 

$1 301) 
6.75 to 6*99 "francs" ($1,303 to" 

$1.349) 

7.00 francs and over ($1,351 

and over) 



Total. 



Employees. 



Number. Per cent 



5,413 

3,031 

4,153 

1,706 

2,081 

1,036 

1,367 

571 

644 

323 

1,626 



84, 136 



6.43 

3.60 

4.94 

2.03 

2.47 

1.23 

1.63 

.68 

.77 

.38 

1.93 



100. 00 



a Not including 49, wages not reported. 

More than one-half the employees (52.26 per cent) receive wages 
within the range from 3.00 to 4.50 francs (57.9 to 86.9 cents) per day; 
the number receiving less than 3 francs (57.9 cents) was 21.65 per 
cent of the total, while 26.09 per cent received more than 4.50 francs 
(86.9 cents). Only 11.12 per cent of the total number received wages 
in excess of 5.24 francs ($1.01) per day. 

The following tables show in the same form as the foregoing 
table the same facts as to wages of females over 16 years of age and 
of children of both sexes under 16 years of age. Four boys who 
received no wages and 7 whose wages were not reported are omitted. 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



27 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF FEMALES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN METAL- 
WORKING INDUSTRIES RECEIVING EACH SPECIFIED RATE OF WAGES, OCTOBER, 
1903. 



Rate of wages. 



Less than 1 franc ($0. 193) 

1.00 to 1.24 francs ($0,193 to 

$0.239) 

1.25 to 1.49 francs ($0,241 to 

$0.288) 

1.50 to 1.74 francs ($0,290 to 

$0.336) 

1.75 to 1.99 francs ($0,338 to 

$0.384) 

2.00 to 2.24 francs ($0,386 to 

$0.432) 

2.25 to 2.49 francs ($0,434 to 

$0.481) 

2.50 to 2.74 francs ($0,483 to 

$0.529) 



Employees. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


13 


0.45 


137 


4.70 


407 


13.97 


627 


21.52 


.676 


23.21 


479 


16.44 


199 


6.83 


169 


5.80 



Rate of wages. 



2.75 to 2.99 francs ($0,531 to 

$0.577) 

3.00 to 3.24 francs ($0,579 to 

$0.625) 

3.25 to 3.94 francs ($0,027 to 

$0.674) 

3.50 to 3.74 francs ($0,676 to 

$0.722) 

3.75 to 3.99 francs ($0,724 to 

$0.770) 

4.00 francs and over ($0,772 

and over) 

Total 



Employees. 



Number. Per cent 



81 
0.5 
35 

6 

10 
13 



2,913 



2.78 

1.89 

1.20 

.21 

.55 

.45 



100.00 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE IN METAL-WORK- 
ING INDUSTRIES RECEIVING EACH SPECIFIED RATE OF WAGES, OCTOBER, 1903. 



Rate of wages. 



Males. 



Number. Per cent. 



Females. 



Number. Per cent 



Less than 0.50 franc ($0.097) 

0.50 to 0.74 francs ($0,097 to $0,143)... 
0.75 to 0.99 francs ($0,145 to $0,191)... 
1.00 to 1.24 francs ($0,193 to $0,239)... 
1.25 to 1.49 francs ($0,241 to $0,288)... 
1.50 to 1.74 francs ($0,290 to $0,336)... 
1.75 to 1.99 francs ($0,338 to $0,384)... 
2.00 francs and over ($0,386 and over) 

Total 



101 
511 
705 
1,514 
1,080 
648 
371 
437 



1.88 

9.52 

13.14 

28.21 

20.12 

12.08 

6.91 

8.14 



4 

37 

116 

320 



0.70 

6.44 

20.21 

55.75 

15.33 

1.57 



a 5, 367 



100. 00 



574 



100.00 



o Not including 4 who received no wages and 7 whose wages were not reported. 

The majority of adult females (61.17 per cent) received from 1.50 
to 2.24 francs (29 to 43.2 cents), 19.12 per cent receiving less than 
1.50 francs (29 cents), and 19.71 per cent more than 2.24francs 
(43.2 cents). But 1.21 per cent received 3.50 francs (67.6 cents) and 
over per day. 

Of the boys, 48.33 per cent received wages ranging from 1 to 1.49 
francs (19.3 to 28.8 cents), while 55.75 of the girls employed received 
from 1 to 1.24 francs (19.3 to 23.9 cents) per day. 

The report shows that in by far the greater number (82.14 per 
cent) of all cases, wages are paid on a time basis, the percentage of 
males paid by piece rates being considerably smaller than that of the 
females so paid. The following table shows for each class of em- 
ployees the number and per cent employed by the hour, day, etc., and 
at piecework, whether working separately or collectively (in gangs 
or teams). Four boys who received no wages are omitted. 



28 



WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF TIME WORKERS AND PIECEWORKERS EMPLOYED 
IN THE METAL-WORKING INDUSTRIES, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS AND BY 
METHOD OF PAYMENT, OCTOBER, 1903. 





Time workers. 


Pieceworkers. 


Sex and age group. 


By the 
hour. 


By the 
day. 


By the 
week, fort- 
night, or 

month. 


Total. 


Employed— 


Total. 




No. 


Per 

cent. 


No. 


Per 

cent. 


No. 


Per 

cent. 


No. 


Per 
cent. 


Individu- 
ally. 


Collect- 
ively. 


No. 


Per 




No. 


Per 
cent. 


No. 


Per 
cent. 


cent. 


Males: 

Under 16 years of 
age 


2,642 
40,345 

147 
909 


49.16 
47.93 

25.61 
31.20 


1,869 
28,466 

250 
1,058 


34.78 
33.81 

43.56 
36.32 


149 
579 

3 

13 


2.77 
.69 

.52 
.45 


4,660 
69,390 

400 
1,980 


86.71 
82.43 

69.69 
67.97 


679 
11, 104 

174 
933 


12.64 
13.19 

30.31 
32.03 


35 
3,691 


0.65 
4.38 


714 
14, 795 

174 
933 


13.29 


16 years of age and 
over 


17.57 


Females: 

Under 16 years of 
age 


30.31 


16 years of age and 
over 






32.03 










Total 


44,043 


47.33 


31, 643 


34.01 


744 


.80 


76, 430 


82.14 


12,890 


13.85 


3,726 


4.01 


16, 616 


17.86 







The remaining subject presented is that of hours of labor. The 
facts disclosed by the investigation under review appear in the fol- 
lowing tables, showing first, by sex and by age groups, the daily 
hours of labor of all employees ; and second, by industries, the num- 
ber of establishments observing specified periods of labor. In the 
first table 4 males under 16 years of age are omitted because their 
hours of labor were not reported. The hours given are for actual 
working time, except as noted. 

NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES IN THE METAL WORKING INDUSTRIES 
WORKING EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS PER DAY, BY SEX AND BY AGE 
GROUPS, OCTOBER, 1903. 





Males. 


Females. 


All employees. 


Hours of labor per 
day. 


Under 16 years 
of age. 


16 years of age 
and over. 


Under 16 years 
of age. 


16 years of age 
and over. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 




Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


cent. 


8 and under 


11 


0.20 


2,001 


2.38 






8 


0.27 


2,020 


2.17 


8|to8£ 








8|to9 


54 

37 

2,774 

1,015 

1,271 

109 

o99 

4 


1.01 

.69 

51.62 

18.89 

23.65 

2.03 

1.84 

.07 


625 

323 

41,062 

17, 265 

18, 848 

1,957 

b 1, 998 

106 


.74 

.38 

48.78 

20.51 

22.39 

2.32 

2.37 

.13 






3 
73 

1,504 

648 

624 

53 


.10 

2.51 

51.63 

22.25 

21.42 

1.82 


682 

437 

45, 661 

19, 011 

20,909 

2,119 

c2,097 

110 


.73 


9|to9£ 


4 

321 

83 

166 


0.70 
55.92 
14.46 
28.92 


.47 


9f to 10 


49.07 


10itol0| 


20.43 


10| to 11 


22.47 


ll£toll£ 


2.28 


llf tol2 






2.26 


Over 12 










.12 














Total 


d 5, 374 


100.00 


84, 185 


100.00 


574 


100.00 


2,913 


100. 00 


d93, 046 


100.00 











a Including 20 persons whose periods of rest were not deducted. 

b Including 777 persons whose periods of rest were not deducted. 

c Including 797 persons whose periods of rest were not deducted. 

d Not including 4 males under 16 years of age, hours of labor not reported. 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



29 



NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE METAL WORKING INDUSTRIES OBSERVING 
DESIGNATED HOURS OF LABOR, BY KIND OF INDUSTRY, OCTOBER, 1903. 





Number of establishments working — 


Total 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 




Kind of industry. 


8hrs. 
and 
un- 
der. 


8-1 
to 
8i 

hrs. 


8| 

to 

9 

hrs. 


to 
9J 

hrs. 


9| 
to 
10 

hrs. 


10i 

to 

io§ 

hrs. 


lOf 
to 
11 

hrs. 


HI 

to 

hrs. 


Hi 

to 

12 

hrs. 


Over 

12 

hrs. 


Total 
em- 
ploy- 
ees. 


Manufacture of common metals other 
than iron 


1 








24 

27 

185 

97 

35 
14 
32 
1 
10 
14 
63 


2 
25 
45 
32 

9 

21 

6 

4 
4 
9 






1 

1 

13 


2 


28 

62 

405 

227 

93 
50 
44 
4 
28 
24 
118 


8,504 
21,286 
34. 748 

9,094 

3,554 

3,889 

2,836 

62 


Iron manufactures 








9 
128 
588 

36 

12 
4 
2 

12 
4 

31 


19 
5 

7 
2 

1 
1 
1 
3 


Machinery and meal products 

Foundries 


2 




9 


2 


Ironworking, locksmithing, and 
stove making 








1 
1 
1 


5 




Bolts, nails, screws, chains, wire, etc. 








Firearms 








1 












Household utensils 








1 




3,342 
990 


Metal working 


1 






Specialties 




2 3 


7 




4,745 







Total 


4 1 11 1 8 


502 


157 326 


39 


34 


2 


1,083 


93,050 

















These tables show that the great body of employees (91.97 per 
cent) work from 9f to 11 hours daily, while nearly one-half (49.07 
per cent) work 9f to 10 hours. Practically the same showing is 
apparent from an examination of the second table, 90.95 per cent of 
the establishments observing a working day of from 9f to 11 hours, 
and 46.35 per cent a working day of 9| to 10 hours. 

The industrial census of 1896, to which reference has already been 
made, contains data which make it possible to compare the wages 
and hours of labor of that date with those of the period considered 
by the present report. 

These comparisons are made in the following tables. In compar- 
ing rates of wages only those of males over 16 years of age are used, 
while in the table showing hours of labor, all classes of employees 
are considered. The figures for 1903 do not include 49 employees 
in the first table whose wages were not reported and 4 employees in 
the second table whose hours of labor were not reported. 

NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ADULT MALES IN METAL WORKING INDUSTRIES 
RECEIVING EACH SPECIFIED RATE OF WAGES IN 1896 AND 1903. 



1896. 



Rates of wages. 



Less than 1.50 francs 

($0.290) 

1.50 to 1.99 francs ($0,290 

to $0.384) 

2.00 to 2.49 francs ($0,386 

to $0.481) 

2.50 to 2.99 francs ($0,483 

to $0.577) 

3.00 to 3.49 francs ($0,579 

to $0.674) 

3.50 to 3.99 francs ($0,676 

to $0.770) 

4.00 to 4.49 francs ($0,772 

to $0.867) 



Num- 
ber. 



2,702 
3.924 
7,738 
13,465 
16,322 
13,862 
10,550 



Per 
cent. 



3.27 
4.74 
9.35 
16.28 
19.73 
16.75 
12.75 



1903. 



Num- 
ber. 



978 

2,937 

4.962 

9,333 

16,127 

15,232 

12,616 



Per 
cent. 



1.16 
3.49 
5.90 
11.09 
19.17 
18.10 
15.00 



Rates of wages. 



4.50 to 4.99 francs ($0,869 

to $0.963) 

5.00 to 5.49 francs ($0,965 

to $1.060) 

5.50 to 5.99 francs ($1,062 

to $1.156) 

6.00 to 6.49 francs ($1,158 

to $1.253) 

6.50 to 6.99 francs ($1,255 

to $1.349) 

7.00 francs and over 

($1,351 and over) 

Total 



1896. 



Num- 
ber. 



5,622 
3,907 
1,947 
1,175 
475 
1,047 



82,736 



Per 
cent. 



6.80 
4.72 
2.35 
1.42 
.57 
1.27 



100.00 



1903. 



Num- 
ber. 



8,444 
5,859 
3,117 
1,938 
967 
1,626 



84,136 



Per 
cent. 



10.04 
6.96 
3.71 
2.30 
1.15 
1.93 



100.00 



30 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES IN METAL WORKING INDUSTRIES IN 1896 
AND 1903, BY HOURS OF LABOR PER DAY. 



Hours of labor per day. 



8 and under 

Over 8, to 9..., 
Over 9, to 10... 
Over 10. to 10$. 
Over 10J, toll. 
Over 11, to 11*. 
Over Hi, toll 
Over 12" 



Total. 



Common metals other 
than iron. 



Employees 
in 1896. 



Num- 
ber. 



691 

66 

4,091 

976 
42 

315 
25 



6,206 



Per 

cent. 



11.13 

1.06 

65.92 

15.73 

.68 

5.08 

.40 



100. 00 



Employees 
in 1903. 



Num- 
ber. 



1,846 
33 

5,779 

400 

31 



a 415 



8,504 



Per 
cent. 



21.71 
.39 

67. 96 

4.70 

.36 



100. 00 



Iron manufactures. 



Employees 
in 1896. 



Num- 
ber. 



11 



8,824 

8, 754 

1,319 

110 

12 



19,030 



Per 
cent. 



0.06 



46.37 

46.00 

6.93 

.58 

.06 



100. 00 



Employees 
in 1903. 



Num- 
ber. 



18 

60 

7,803 

9,096 

3,800 



6 449 



21,286 



Per 

cent. 



0.09 

.28 

36.94 

42.73 

17.85 



2.11 



100. 00 



Other metal-working in- 
dustries. 



Employees 
in 1896. 



Num- 
ber. 



274 
884 
260 
697 
312 
335 
666 
691 



68,119 



Per 

cent. 



0.40 

1.30 

35.62 

18.64 

26.88 

9.30 

5.38 

2.48 



100. 00 



Employees 
in 1903. 



Num- 
ber. 



156 

589 

32,456 

9,515 

17,078 

2. 119 

1J233 

110 



63,256 



Per 
cent. 



0.25 
.93 

51.31 

15.04 

27.00 

3.35 

1,95 

.17 



100. 00 



a Of this total, 172 persons are on duty 24 hours in succession, with a like period off duty; the remainder 
have duty and rest periods of 12 hours' duration. In both cases there are intervals of rest during employ- 
ment aggregating from 1 to 2 hours per day. 

b Periods of rest not deducted for 382 employees. 

These tables show a twofold improvement in respect of these 
important factors in the conditions of employment. The proportion 
of employees receiving less than 2.50 francs (48.3 cents) was 17.36 
per cent of the total in 1896, while in 1903 it was but 10.55 per cent; 
and the proportion of those receiving 4.50 francs (86.9 cents) and over 
in 1896 comprised but 17.13 per cent of the total, while in 1903 it 
formed 26.09 per cent. 

The showing of the table of working time is more complex, and 
embraces a number of factors not superficially in evidence. One of 
these is that in 1896 several establishments were included which had 
fewer than 10 employees, but which are not embraced in the report 
for 1903. Another is that in a number of establishments reported 
at both periods large changes have been made, either of increase or 
decrease, in the working force, but without changing the hours of 
labor. These changes have served to modify the percentages even 
though there has been no actual change in this respect in the working 
conditions of the industry represented. A third fact is that in the 
groups "Common metals other than iron" and "Iron manufactures" 
the work period is not actually 12 hours, but really only 10 to 11 hours, 
though the workmen must be within call continuously; also, the very 
considerable apparent increase in the first-named group in the number 
of persons working 8 hours per day or less is said to be due not so 
much to the actual reduction of the hours of labor per week of the 
employees affected as to a rearrangement of the work schedule, by 
which three 8-hour shifts in a day have been substituted for 24 con- 
secutive hours on duty followed by 24 hours of rest. 

A comparison of the reports for the two years for the group 
"Other metal-working industries," which comprises a large majority 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 31 

of all employees in the metal- working industries, shows that in 1896 
35.62 per cent of the employees worked from 9 to 10 hours, while 
the number similarly employed in 1903 was 51.31 per cent of the 
total, the change being effected by a reduction of the number of em- 
ployees working more than 11 hours. The actual summary in this 
connection shows that 17.16 per cent of all empk^ees worked more 
than 11 hours daily in 1896, whereas but 5.47 per cent were so em- 
ployed in 1903. 

BULGARIA. 

[From Bulletin 78, September, 1908, of the United. States Bureau of Labor.] 

Recensement des Industries Encouragees parV Etat (31 decembre, 190 %). 
Principaute de Bulgarie, Direction de la Statistique. 1906. xxii, 
101 pp. 

This is the first census of manufactures taken in Bulgaria. It 
includes only those manufacturing establishments which are " en- 
couraged by the State," i. e., which enjoy certain privileges according 
to the law of 1894, as amended in 1897. These are the exclusive 
privileges to manufacture within certain geographical limits for a 
definite number of years; export premiums; reduced railway freight 
rates for raw materials or for the finished products; free importation 
of machinery or raw materials; or preference within certain limits 
over foreign products, notwithstanding that higher prices are charged, 
in cases of purchases by the Government. 

The following industries are granted some or all of these advantages 
and are therefore included in this enumeration: Textiles and other 
manufactures of fibers, candles, earthen and china ware, glass and 
glassware, sugar, paper and paper goods, carriages and other vehicles, 
chemical products, matches, glue, products of mines and of metals 
extracted from Bulgarian soil, cement, and lime. Only establish- 
ments which have invested at least 25,000 francs ($4,825) in land, 
buildings, machinery, and plant, or which employ at least 20 persons, 
are entitled to such encouragement. Owing to these limitations, 
several important branches of industry are omitted from this manu- 
facturing census, such as building and construction operations, trans- 
portation, printing, bookbinding, tobacco, mineral waters, etc. 
Nevertheless, it is stated that the census includes the greater part of 
the factory industry in Bulgaria. 

The census embraces both the establishments and the workingmen 
employed, two schedules having been provided, one for the establish- 
ment and another for the employee. The results of the census are 
presented in 20 general tables, of which 13 deal mainly with the 
establishments, and 7 with the employees. The information obtained 
and presented includes the following subjects: (a) For establish- 
ments — capital invested, persons employed, nature of ownership, 



32 



WAGES AND PKICES OF COMMODITIES. 



date of establishment, mechanical power used, number of days 
operated, value of raw materials, quantity and value of fuel con- 
sumed, and quantity and value of products; (b) for employees — 
nationality, education, conjugal condition, ownership of real estate, 
age, methods of wage payment, wages, and hours of labor. 

Altogether 166 establishments were included in the enumeration. 
The capital invested amounted to 30,697,285 francs ($5,924,576). 
The total number of persons employed was 7,026, of whom 877 were 
salaried employees and 6,149 wage-workers, 4,411 or 71.7 per cent of 
the latter being males and 1,738 or 28.3 per cent females. The total 
value of raw materials was 21,913,594 francs ($4,229,324), and the 
value of products 32,776,975 francs ($6,325,956). 

Of the 166 establishments enumerated, 57 manufactured food 
products, and 51 textiles. The more important data obtained by 
the census for the separate industrial groups are shown in the fol- 
lowing table: 

STATISTICS OF ESTABLISHMENTS, BY INDUSTRIES, ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS 

OF DECEMBER 31, 1904. 



Industry. 



Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 



Capital 

invested, 

Dec. 31, 

1904. 



Sal- 
aried 
em- 
ploy- 
ees. 



Wage- workers. 



Male. 



Fe- 
male. 



Total. 



Horse- 
power 
of me- 
chan- 
ical 
motors. 



Value of 
new ma- 
terials. 



Value of 
products. 



Mines 

Metals 

Earthen and china ware 

Chemical products 

Food products 

Textiles 

Wood manufactures 

Hides and leather 

Paper 

Allother 

Total 



6 
15 
57 
51 

8 
13 

1 

4 



$149, 397 

71,352 

371,891 

260, 350 

2,775,530 

1,281,776 

113,796 

127,639 

35,788 

737,057 



72 

28 

37 

44 

319 

270 

39 

34 

4 

30 



1,347 
238 
170 
128 
877 

1,178 

185 

237 

20 

31 



65 
106 

1,565 



1,347 
238 
170 
193 
983 

2,743 

185 

237 

22 

31 



71 

43 

218 

103 

2,420 

1,705 

268 

93 

26 

4,030 



$29, 176 

9,898 

229, 921 

2, 240, 809 

1,342,648 

82,858 

274,724 

2,040 

17,250 



$264,010 

96, 942 

84, 995 

280,504 

2,981,248 

2,072,225 

127,077 

323,757 

5,122 

90,076 



166 



5,924,576 



877 



4,411 



1,738 



6,149 



8,977 



4,229,324 



6, 325, 956 



Of the 166 establishments included, 154 owned their buildings. 
These were distributed, according to the amount of capital invested, 
as follows : 



ESTABLISHMENTS OWNING THEIR BUILDINGS, BY AMOUNT OF CAPITAL 

INVESTED. 



Amount of capital invested by each establishment. 


Establishments. 


Total capital in- 
vested. 




Number. 


Per cent. 


Amount. 


Per cent. 


Less than 25,000 francs ($4,825) 


28 

29 

29 

43 

13 

5 

4 

3 


18.2 

18.8 
18.8 
27.9 
8.4 
3.3 
2.6 
2.0 


$78,538 
206,545 
382,752 

1,262,103 
851,793 
593, 974 
637, 213 

1,892,773 


1.3 


25,000 francs ($4,825) or less than 50,000 francs ($9,650) 


3.5 


50,000 francs ($9,650) or less than 100,000 francs ($19,300) 

100,000 francs ($19,300) or less than 250,000 francs ($48,250) 

250,000 francs ($48,250) or less than 500,000 francs ($96,500) 

500,000 francs ($96,500) or less than 750,000 francs ($144,750) . . 
750,000 francs ($144,750) or less than 1,000,000 francs ($193,000). . 
1,000,000 francs ($193,000) or over 


6.5 
21.4 
14.4 
10.1 
10.8 
32.0 






Total 


154 


100.0 


5,905,691 


100.0 







WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



33 



The greater number of the establishments, namely, 129, or 83.7 
percent, had a capital of less than 250,000 francs ($48,250) each; 22 
establishments had a capital of from 250,000 francs ($48,250) to 
1,000,000 francs ($193,000) each; and 3 had a capital of over 1,000,000 
francs ($193,000). The classification of the establishments by the 
number of workingmen employed is given in the following table : 

ESTABLISHMENTS, BY NUMBER OF WAGE-WORKERS EMPLOYED. 



Wage- workers employed. 


Establishments. 


Total wage- 
workers. 




Number. 


Per cent. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


None 


10 
17 
28 
45 
23 
18 
15 
9 


6.0 
10.2 
16.9 
27.1 
13.9 
10.9 
9.0 
5.4 






Less than 5 


51 

204 
634 
549 
679 
1,060 
1,701 


8 


5 to 9 


3 3 


10 to 19 


10 3 


20 to 29 


8 9 


30 to 49 


11 1 


50 to 99 


17 2 


100 to 499 


27 7 


500 to 999 




1,000 or more 


1 


.6 


1,271 


20.7 






Total 


166 


100.0 


6,149 


100 







It is shown that the average number of workingmen per factory 
was 37, but 100 establishments, or 60.2 per cent, employed less than 
20 workers each. 

The next table shows the employees grouped according to age and sex : 

NUMBER AND PER CENT OF WAGE-WORKERS EMPLOYED, BY AGE AND SEX. 



Age. 



12 years or less . 

13 to 15 years... 
16 to 20 years.. . 
21 to 30 years... 
31 to 40 years... 
41 to 50 years... 
51 to 60 years... 
61 years or over 

Total 



Male. 



Number. Per cent 



22 
171 

860 
1,581 
959 
491 
235 
92 



4,411 



0.5 

3.9 

19.5 

35.9 

21.7 

11.1 

5.3 

2.1 



100.0 



Female. 



Number. Per cent. 



71 

468 

919 

123 

53 

58 

36 

10 



1,738 



4.1 

26.9 

52.9 

7.1 

3.0 

3.3 

2.1 

.6 



100.0 



Total. 



Number. Per cent 



93 
639 
779 
704 
012 
549 
271 
102 



6,149 



1.5 

10.4 

28.9 

27.7 

16.5 

8.9 

4.4 

1.7 



100.0 



Of all the persons employed, 93, or 1.5 per cent, were below 13 
years of age, and 639, or 10.4 per cent, from 13 to 15 years of age, 
making a total of 732 children, or 11.9 per cent of all the workers. 
The largest class was between 16 and 30 years of age, namely, 56.6 
per cent. The employment of persons over 50 years of age was excep- 
tional. Considerable differences are noticed between the sexes with 
regard to age distribution. Of the male employees, only 4.4 per cent, 
and of the female employees 31.0 per cent were below 16 years of age. 
On the other hand, very few adult women were employed, only 280, 
or 16.1 per cent, being over 20 years of age. 
48310— S. Doc. 631, 61-2 3 



34 



WAGES AND PKICES OF COMMODITIES. 



The usual method of payment was by the day, over one-half of all 
the workers receiving daily wages. A little less than one-fourth 
worked for other time wages, such as by the week, month, or year. 
Piece wages or contract wages were comparatively infrequent. Piece 
wages were almost limited to the textile industry, and contract wages 
to the mining industry. The following data in regard to the methods 
of payment are given for 6,110 out of the 6,149 employees: 



NUMBER OF WAGE-WORKERS REPORTING METHOD OF WAGE PAYMENT, 


BY SEX. 




Number of wage-workers reporting. 


Method of wage payment. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 




Number. 


Per cent. 


By day 


2,081 

1,262 

440 

592 


1,256 
182 
297 


3,337 

1,444 

737 

592 


54 6 


By week, month, or year 


23 6 


By piece 


12 1 


By contract 


9.7 








Total 


4,375 


1,735 


6,110 


100 







The daily wages have been ascertained for 5,262 persons, ( a ) of whom 
3,683 were male and 1,579 female employees. Of this total only 803, 
or 15.3 per cent, received more than 2 francs ($0,386) per day. The 
remaining employees fall into two nearly equal classes, 2,282, or 43.4 
per cent, receiving between 1 franc ($0,193) and 2 francs ($0,386), 
and 2,177, or 41.3 per cent, receiving 1 franc ($0,193) or less. 

There is a considerable difference between the wages of male and 
female workers. Of the latter only 7, or 0.4 per cent, received over 2 
francs ($0,386) per day; 153, or 9.7 per cent, received from 1 franc 
($0,193) to 2 francs ($0,386) per day; and 1,419, or 89.9 per cent, 
received 1 franc ($0,193) or less per day. Of the male workers, 796, 
or 21.6 per cent, received over 2 francs ($0,386) per day; 2,129, or 
57.8 per cent, received from 1 franc ($0,193) to 2 francs ($0,386), 
and 758, or 20.6 per cent, received 1 franc ($0,193) or less. The fol- 
lowing table shows the 5,262 workers by sex and wage groups: 

NUMBER AND PER CENT OF WAGE-WORKERS FOR WHOM DAILY WAGES WERE 
ASCERTAINED, BY SEX AND WAGE GROUPS. 



Daily wages. 



Males. 



Num- 
ber. 



Per 
cent. 



Females. 



Num- 
ber. 



Per 
cent. 



Total. 



Num- 
ber. 



Per 
cent. 



0.30 franc ($0,058) or less 

0.30 franc ($0,058) to 0.50 franc ($0.097) . 
0.50 franc ($0,097) to 0.80 franc ($0.154) . 
0.80 franc ($0,154) to 1 franc ($0.193) . . . 
1 franc ($0,193) to 1.50 francs ($0.290) . . 
1.50 francs ($0,290) to 2 francs ($0.386) . 
Over 2 francs ($0.386) 



24 
60 
203 
471 
1,142 
987 
796 



0.7 
1.6 
5.5 
12.8 
31.0 
26.8 
21.6 



99 
417 
642 
261 
125 

28 
7 



6.3 

26.4 

40.7 

16.5 

7.9 

1.8 

.4 



123 
477 
845 
732 
1,267 
1,015 
803 



2.3 
9.1 

16.0 
13.9 
24.1 
19.3 
15.3 



Total. 



3,683 



100.0 



1,579 



100.0 



5,262 



100.0 



a In addition to 3,337 paid by the day this total includes 1,444 paid by the week, month, or year and 
481 paid by piece or contract for whom daily wages were computed. 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



35 



The distribution of wage-workers, by industries, sex, and wage 
groups, is shown in the following table: 

NUMBER OF MALE AND OF FEMALE WAGE-WORKERS FOR WHOM DAILY WAGES 
WERE ASCERTAINED, BY INDUSTRIES AND WAGE GROUPS. 





Total 
wage- 
work- 
ers. 


Males 


receiving daily 
of— 


wages 


Females receiving daily 
of— 


wages 


Industry. 


1 franc 
($0,193) 
or less. 


1 franc 
($0,193) 

to 2 

francs 

($0,386). 


Over 2 

francs 

($0,386). 


Total. 


1 franc 
($0,193) 
or less. 


1 franc 
($0,193) 

to 2 

francs 

($0,386). 


Over 2 

francs 
($0,386). 


Total. 


Textiles 


2,629 
935 
775 
214 
210 
182 
158 
108 
22 
29 


338 
57 

195 
68 
48 
14 
18 
10 
7 
3 


593 

612 

482 

75 

95 

78 

127 

47 

12 

8 


230 
177 
98 
71 
67 
90 
13 
31 
1 
18 


1,161 

846 

775 

214 

210 

182 

158 

88 

20 

29 


1,310 
88 


151 
1 


7 


1 468 


Food products 


89 


Mines 




Metals 






j 


Hides and leather 






i 


Wood manufactures 






1 


Earthen and china ware 






I 


Chemical products 


19 
2 


1 




20 


Paper 


2 


All other 
















Total 


5,262 


758 


2,129 


796 


3,683 


1,419 


153 


7 


1.579 







The wages were lowest in the textile industries, mainly because of 
the large number of women employed, and highest in the manufacture 
of wood products. The average daily wage for all male workers was 
1.67 francs ($0,322) per day; for the female workers it was 0.71 
franc ($0,137), and for both sexes 1.38 francs ($0,266) per day. In 
the wood industry the average wage was 2.48 francs ($0,479), in metal 
manufacturing 2.16 francs ($0,417), and in the textile industry, 1.04 
francs ($0,201). 

Interesting data are presented in the following table, showing the 
wage distribution for five separate age groups for each sex. 

NUMBER OF MALE AND OF FEMALE WAGE-WORKERS FOR WHOM DAILY WAGES 
WERE ASCERTAINED, BY WAGE AND AGE GROUPS. 



Daily wages per worker. 



12 
years 
or less. 



13 to 15 
years. 



16 to 20 
years. 



21 to 60 
years. 



61 
years 



Total. 



MAXES. 

0.30 franc ($0,058) or less 

0.30 franc ($0,058) to 0.50 franc ($0.097) . 
0.50 franc ($0,097) to 0.80 franc ($0.154) . 
0.80 franc ($0,154) to 1 franc ($0.193) . . . 
1 franc ($0,193) to 1.50 francs ($0.290) . . 
1.50 francs ($0,290) to 2 francs ($0.386) . 
Over 2 francs ($0.386) .' 



Total. 



FEMALES. 

0.30 franc ($0,058) or less 

0.30 franc ($0,058) to 0.50 franc ($0.097) . 
0.50 franc ($0,097) to 0.80 franc ($0.154) . 
0.80 franc ($0,154) to 1 franc ($0.193) . . . 
1 franc ($0,193) to 1.50 francs ($0.290) . . 
1.50 francs ($0,290) to 2 francs ($0.386) . 
Over 2 francs ($0.386) 



Total. 



18 



27 

32 

5 

2 



66 



3G 

82 
4 



142 



65 

186 

108 

44 

24 



1 



428 



14 

34 

126 

240 

259 

90 

31 



12 
38 
137 
860 
876 
738 



794 



2,661 



6 

135 

448 

113 

81 

22 

4 

809 



1 
64 
78 
97 
20 
6 
2 

268 



2 
3 

18 
21 
24 



(58 



24 
60 
203 
471 
1,142 
987 
796 



3,683 



99 
417 
642 
261 
125 

28 
7 

1,579 



36 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



For males below 16 years of age the usual range was between 0.50 
franc ($0,097) and 1 franc ($0,193), 128 out of 160, or 80 per cent, of 
this age group receiving such wages. Of the male persons between 
16 and 20 years of age, 63 per cent received from 0.80 franc ($0,154) 
to 1.50 francs ($0.29); and of the adults, 65 per cent received from 
1 franc ($0,193) to 2 francs ($0,386). In the case of female employees, 
89 per cent of the girls 12 years of age or less received 0.50 franc 
($0,097) or less per day; of those from 13 to 15 years of age 69 per 
cent received from 0.30 franc ($0,058) to 0.80 franc ($0,154); of the 
young women 16 to 20 years of age, more than one-half received 
from 0.50 franc ($0,097) to 0.80 franc ($0,154) and 86 per cent received 
from 0.30 franc ($0,058) to 1 franc ($0,193); again, of the adult 
women 66 per cent received from 0.50 franc ($0,097) to 1 franc 
($0,193). 

In the next two tables the wage-workers are grouped according to 
hours of labor and age and hours of labor and sex, respectively : 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF WAGE-WORKERS EMPLOYED, BY HOURS OF LABOR 

AND AGE GROUPS. 



Age groups. 


8 hours or 
less. 


8 to 10 
hours. 


10 to 12 
hours. 


12 to 15 
hours. 


Over 15 
hours. 


Total. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


12 years or less 

13 to 15 years 

16 to 20 years 


4 

13 

41 

42 

16 

9 

6 

3 


4.3 
2.0 
2.3 
2.4 
1.6 
1.6 
2.2 
2.9 


9 

66 
424 

777 
492 
259 
123 
38 


9.7 
10.3 
23.8 
45.6 
48.6 
47.2 
45.4 
37.3 


62 
424 
992 
717 
371 
189 
104 

43 


66.6 
66.4 
55.8 
42.1 
36.7 
34.4 
38.4 
42.2 


17 

130 

296 

117 

84 

68 

29 

15 


18.3 
20.4 
16.6 
6.9 
8.3 
12.4 
10.7 
14.7 


1 

6 
26 
51 
49 
24 
9 
3 


1.1 
.9 
1.5 
3.0 
4.8 
4.4 
3.3 
2.9 


93 

639 

1,779 


21 to 30 years 

31 to 40 years 


1,704 
1,012 


41 to 50 years 


549 


51 to 60 years 


271 


61 years or over 


102 


Total 


134 


2.2 


2,188 


35.6 


2,902 


47.2 


756 


12.3 


169 


2.7 


6,149 







NUMBER AND PER CENT OF WAGE-WORKERS EMPLOYED, BY HOURS OF LABOR 

AND SEX. 



Sex. 


8 hours or 
less. 


8 to 10 
hours. 


10 to 12 
hours. 


12 to 15 
hours. 


Over 15 
hours. 


Total. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Male 


87 
47 


2.0 

2.7 


2,005 
183 


45.4 
10.5 


1,843 
1,059 


41.8 
60.9 


307 
449 


7.0 
25.9 


169 


3.8 


4,411 


Female 


1,738 










Total 


134 


2.2 


2,188 


35.6 


2,902 


47.2 


756 


12.3 


169 


2.7 


6,149 







Of the wage-workers enumerated, 3,827 persons, or 62.2 per cent, 
worked more than ten hours per day. Fifteen per cent worked more 
than twelve hours per day. For the female employees the hours are 
found to be longer, 86.8 per cent working over ten hours a day, while 
for the male employees the proportion working over ten hours per 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 37 

day is only 52.6 per cent. This is explained by the long hours of 
labor in the textile industry. The distribution of employees by age 
and hours of work shows decidedly longer hours for the younger age 
groups. 

FINLAND. 

[From Bulletin 68, January, 1907, of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

ArbetsstatistiJc. I. Undersokning af Tobaksindustrin i Finland. 1903. 
xiii, 214, 116, 48* pp. II. Undersokning af Textilindustrin i Fin- 
land. 1904. xiii, 238, 183, 123* pp. III. Undersokning af 
Bagareyrket i Finland. 1905. viii, 125, 106, 18* pp. Pa uppdrag 
af Industristyrelsen och under dess ofverinseende varkstald af 
G. R. Snellman. 

These volumes are the first three of a series prepared at the instance 
of the ministry of industry, embodying the results of special inquiries 
into the conditions of labor in certain industries in Finland. The 
volumes discuss, respectively, the manufacture of tobacco, of textiles, 
and of bakery and confectionery products. The first volume also 
gives some account of the development of statistical inquiry into 
labor conditions in various countries and of the beginning of such 
work in Finland. The investigation involved the filling of schedules 
by both employers and employees. 

The method of presentation involves text statement and tables in 
separate sections. There are also appendixes containing detailed lists 
of employees by occupations, showing the number of days worked in 
one year and total annual and average weekly earnings. These are 
shown in Volumes I and II by establishments, and in Volume III by 
localities. 

The Tobacco Industry. — The points covered by the employers' 
schedules included for each establishment the number of employees; 
the hours of labor and rest; overtime, night, and Sunday work; the 
giving out of home work; the labor contract and its termination; 
shop rules; fines; weekly earnings ; times of payment; compensation 
for overtime and home work; wage advances; deductions for sick 
funds, etc.; premiums and gratuities; requirements as to medical ex- 
aminations of applicants for employment and provisions for cost of 
same ; free homes, or allowances on rentals ; allowance of tobacco ; free 
medical or hospital attendance; old-age benefits; accident insurance, 
and cost of same during 1901, and strikes and lockouts within the 
past ten years. The inquiries made of employees were equally 
detailed, and related to employment, social conditions, health, etc. 
Data were procured as to the sanitation of workrooms, provisions for 
lunch rooms, toilet rooms, etc. ; statistics of sickness and death were 
also obtained. 



38 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



The number of establishments in which the manufacture of tobacco 
was carried on, the number of employees, and the value of products are 
shown in the following table for the ten-year period, 1892 to 1901: 

NUMBER OF TOBACCO FACTORIES, NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, AND VALUE OF 

PRODUCTS, 1892 TO 1901. 



Year. 



1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 



Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 



37 
29 
34 
30 
33 



Employ- 
ees. 



1,686 
1,578 
1,701 
1,750 
2,208 



Value of 
products. 



51,112,734 
1,093,161 
1,212,631 
1,229,766 
1,475,100 



Year. 



1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 



Estab- 
lish- 


Employ- 


ments. 


ees. 


34 


2,706 


35 


2,934 


37 


2,878 


34 


2,994 


38 


2,941 



Value of 
products. 



{1,728,417 
1,994,958 
2,199,459 
2,637,975 
2,601,853 



While the number of establishments was but one greater at the 
close of the period than at the beginning, the number of employees 
had increased 74.4 per cent, and the value of products 133.8 per cent. 

The different classes of products for the year are reported as fol- 
lows: Cigarettes, 481,084,000; cigars, 68,854,550; smoking tobacco, 
1,362,392 kilograms (3,003,529 pounds); chewing tobacco, 84,204 
kilograms (185,636 pounds); snuff, 252,681 kilograms (557,061 
pounds). Ten establishments were devoted entirely to the manu- 
facture of cigarettes, 11 to that of cigars, 1 to the manufacture of 
smoking tobacco, and 2 to that of chewing tobacco. In each of the 
remaining establishments two or more classes of products were man- 
ufactured. Seven of the establishments reported were operated 
entirely as home industries, employing but 1 or 2 persons each, or a 
total of 11 employees; 14 factories employed from 3 to 25 persons 
each, 12 from 26 to 100, and 5 employed 101 or more. The largest 
factory employed 887 persons, while 4 factories, each having more 
than 200 work people, gave employment to slightly more than two- 
thirds of the total number of employees. Engines and motors in use 
furnished 531.5 horsepower. 

As the investigation was carried on in the summer of 1902, all 
data for a complete year cover nothing later than 1901. Detailed 
statistics of employees, however, relate only to those in employment 
at the date when the schedules were made up, at which time a number 
of work people were furloughed or, for other reasons, were absent for 
the summer. The following table shows for each class of products 
the number of employees engaged in the tobacco industry in the 
summer of 1902, by sex and age groups: 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



39 



NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ENGAGED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF EACH CLASS OF 
PRODUCT, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS, 1902. 



Class of employees. 



Males. 



Females. 



Un- 
der 
18 
years. 



18 
years 

or 
over. 



Total. 



Un- 
der 
18 
years. 



18 
years 

or 
over. 



Total. 



Total, 
em- 
ploy- 
ees. 



Per cent of— 



Males. 



Fe- 
males. 



Superintendents, cigarette factories. . . 

Cigarette workers 

Cigar workers 

Smoking tobacco workers 

Chewing tobacco workers 

Snuff workers 

Carpenters, watchmen, messengers, 
etc 



10 

30 
30 
37 



3 

93 
146 
69 
22 
11 

54 



3 
103 
176 

99 

59 

11 

59 I. 



114 

75 

4 

3 



1,495 

500 

17 

25 



1,609 

575 

21 

28 



3 

1,712 

751 

120 

87 

11 

65 



100.0 

6.0 

23.4 

82.5 

67.8 

100.0 

90.8 



94.0 
76.6 
17.5 
32.2 



Total. 



112 



398 



510 



196 



2,043 



2,239 



2,749 



18.6 



9.2 

81.4 



The proportion of females is much greater than that of males, being 
largest in the manufacture of cigarettes. Children under 18 years 
of age form 11.2 per cent of the whole number of employees. Almost 
22.0 per cent of the males are under 18 years of age, while scarcely 
8.8 per cent of the females are under 18 years of age. 

The hours of labor per week in the tobacco industry are shown in 
the next table. Nine home workers, 5 men and 4 women, are omitted 
from this table, as their hours were not reported. In one locality 
7 males and 167 females worked 56 hours per week in summer and 
60 hours in winter. These were distributed in the table, 3 males and 
84 females being reported as working 56 hours and 4 males and 83 
females as working 60 hours per week. 

NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES IN THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY WORKING 
A SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS PER WEEK, BY SEX, 1901. 



Hours worked per week. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


39 


8 

1 

11 

53 

34 

163 

7 
52 

8 
79 
61 
26 

2 


1.6 
.2 

2.2 
10.5 

6.7 
32.3 

1.4 
10.3 

1.6 
15.6 
12.1 

5.1 
.4 


176 


7.9 


184 
1 

54 
139 
413 
887 

53 
205 
131 
375 
194 

99 
5 


6.7 


49i 


(a) 
2.0 


52 


43 

86 
379 
724 

46 
153 
123 
296 
133 

73 
3 


1.9 

3.8 

17.0 

32.4 

2.1 

6.8 

5.5 

13.2 

6.0 

3.3 

.1 


56 


5.1 


57 


15.1 


57£ 


32.4 


58 


1.9 


59 


7.5 


60 


4.7 


6U - - 


13.7 


62 


7.1 


65 


3.6 


68 


.2 






Total 


505 


100.0 


2,235 


100.0 


2,740 


100.0 







a Less than 0.05 per cent. 



The number of piece workers reported far exceeds the number of 
employees paid by the day or hour, the percentage being 71.0 for the 
former as against 26.8 for the latter. For 2.2 per cent the method 



40 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



varies or is not reported. Time work predominates among male 
employees, however, 345, or 67.7 per cent, being so employed, while 
but 141, or 27.6 per cent, were piece workers. Among females 392, or 
17.5 per cent, were time workers and 1,810, or 80.9 per cent, were 
piece workers. 

Rates of earnings were obtained for but 247 males and 1,316 females, 
a total of 1,563 employees, or but 56.9 per cent of the number consid- 
ered in the other tables. The following table shows by sex the num- 
ber of employees in the various branches of the tobacco industry 
whose weekly earnings are reported as equal to the amounts indicated : 

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY WITH SPECIFIED WEEKLY 
EARNINGS, BY SEX AND CLASS OF PRODUCT, 1901. 



Rates of weekly earnings. 



Cigarette workers. 



Males. Females. 



Cigar workers. 



Males. Females. 



Smoking tobacco 
workers. 



Males. Females. 



Under 6 marks ($1.158) . . 

6 to 6.99 marks ($1,158 to 

7 to 7.99 marks ($1,351 to $1 

8 to 8.99 marks ($1,544 to $1 

9 to 9.99 marks ($1,737 to $1 

10 to 10.99 marks ($1.93 to i 

11 to 11.99 marks ($2,123 to 

12 to 12.99 marks ($2,316 to 

13 to 13.99 marks ($2,509 to 

14 to 14.99 marks ($2,702 to 

15 to 17.99 marks ($2,895 to 
18 to 20.99 marks ($3,474 to 
21 to 23.99 marks ($4,053 to 
24 to 26.99 marks ($4,632 to 
27 to 29.99 marks ($5,211 to 
30 marks ($5.79) or over. . . 



.349)... 

542)... 

735)... 
.928)... 
;2.121).. 
$2,314). 
$2,507). 
$2.70).. 
$2,893). 
$3,472). 
$4,051). 
$4.63).. 
$5,209). 
$5,788). 



11 

29 

33 

51 

71 

96 

115 

146 

165 

90 

149 

18 



2 
1 

5 
6 
3 
3 
3 
5 
4 
5 

18 
11 
4 
2 
1 
4 



2 
12 
31 
24 
28 
24 
31 
31 
30 
21 
31 
17 
3 
1 





4 


1 






4 


1 






2 


3 
1 
1 
1 


1 
3 


1 




9 




11 




12 




6 





Total. 



46 



989 



77 



286 



47 



1 
15 



Rates of weekly earnings. 


Chewing to- 
bacco 
workers. 


Snuff workers. 


Carpenters, 

watchmen, 

messengers, 

etc. 


Total. 




Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Under 6 marks ($1.158) 






- 








2 
3 
9 

10 

9 

10 

4 

7 

8 

11 

55 

50 

28 

18 

10 

13 


17 


6 to 6.99 marks ($1,158 to $1.349) 


1 
4 
3 
4 
2 












41 


7 to 7.99 marks ($1,351 to $1.542) 










1 
1 
2 


69 


8 to 8.99 marks ($1,544 to $1.735) 










76 


9 to 9.99 marks ($1,737 to $1.928) 


2 
6 
6 
3 








105 


10 to 10.99 marks ($1.93 to $2.121) 






2 


127 


11 to 11.99 marks ($2,123 to $2 314) 






152 


12 to 12.99 marks ($2,316 to $2.507) 










4 


187 


13 to 13.99 marks ($2,509 to $2.70) 


1 








195 


14 to 14.99 marks ($2,702 to $2.893) 


1 






3 

15 
12 
3 
4 
2 
4 




112 


15 to 17.99 marks ($2,895 to $3.472) 

18 to 20.99 marks ($3,474 to $4.051) 

21 to 23.99 marks ($4,053 to $4.63) 


4 
3 
2 
1 


1 

4 
2 




180 
35 
11 


24 to 26.99 marks ($4,632 to $5.209) 


3 


27 to 29.99 marks ($5,211 to $5.788) 








4 


30 marks ($5.79) or over 










2 














Total 


25 


18 


7 




45 


8 


247 


1,316 







More than half (51.2 per cent) of the females reporting receive 
from 12 to 17.99 marks ($2,316 to $3,472) per week; while of the 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



41 



employees reported as receiving 18 marks ($3,474) weekly or over, 
119 are males and 55 are females; these numbers representing 48.2 
per cent and 4.2 per cent of the two classes, respectively. 

Textiles. — The schedules of inquiry as to the textile trades cover 
practically the same ground as in the case of tobacco. The investi- 
gation was made in the summer of 1903, and the detailed data as to 
employees relate to those employed at that time, the year 1902 being 
the last full year considered. 

The number of establishments and employees and the value of 
textile products in Finland from 1843 to 1902, inclusive, except for 
the years 1877 to 1883, are given. The data indicated are repro- 
duced below for the ten-year period, 1893 to 1902: 

NUMBER OF TEXTILE FACTORIES, NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, AND VALUE OF 

PRODUCTS, 1893 TO 1902. 



Year, 



1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 



Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 



28 
27 
26 
31 
29 



Employ- 
ees. 



6,373 
6,717 
7,259 
7,932 
8,754 



Value of 
products. 



S3, 714, 915 
4, 405, 253 
4,812,609 
5,495,034 
6,014,306 



Year. 



1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 



Estab- 
lish- 


Employ- 


ments. 


ees. 


31 


9,423 


41 


10, 770 


41 


11,362 


43 


10, 570 


40 


10, 283 



Value of 
products. 



S6, 339, 050 
6,454,319 
6,685,242 
6,303,944 
6,217,263 



Though the number of establishments was greater in 1901, the 
number of employees and the value of products were at their maxi- 
mum in 1900. Comparing the data for 1902 with those for 1892, 
an increase of 42.9 per cent is found in the number of establishments, 
of 61.4 per cent in the number of employees, and of 67.4 per cent in 
the value of products. Individual production has risen from a value 
of 625 marks ($121) per employee in 1843-44 to 3,133 marks ($605) 
in 1902, the maximum for the period being 3,590 marks ($693) in 
1896. The most marked increase was from 979 marks ($189) for 
the five years 1860-1864 to 2,408 marks ($465) for the succeeding 
five-year period. 

The detailed statistics relate to but 37 establishments and 9,687 
employees. Of these establishments, 14 had fewer than 50 employees 
each, 8 had from 50 to 99, 10 from 100 to 499, 2 from 500 to 999, 
while 3, with 1,000 or more employees each, gave employment to 
4,884 persons, or 50.4 per cent of all those engaged in the textile 
industry. The total horsepower in use was 16,849.3. The total 
number of spindles reported was 274,272, of which 234,482 were 
employed for the spinning of cotton, 29,584 for wool, and 10,206 for 
flax. The weaving of cotton employed 4,341 looms; wool, 863 
looms; flax, 284 looms; and silk, 11. Eight hand looms were also 
found in use. The following table shows, by sex and age groups, the 
number of employees engaged in the manufacture of these four 
classes of textiles in 1903: 



42 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ENGAGED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF EACH CLASS OF 
TEXTILES, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS, 1903. 





Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Per cent of— 


Industry. 


Under 

18 
years. 


18 years 
or over. 


Total. 


Under 

18 
years. 


18 years 
or over. 


Total. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Wool 

Cotton 


43 

296 

111 

1 


512 

1,560 

370 

2 


555 

1,856 

481 

3 


244 

512 

192 

3 


1,688 

3,422 

715 

16 


1,932 

3,934 

907 

19 


2,487 

5,790 

1,388 

22 


22.3 
32.1 
34.7 
13.6 


77.7 
67.9 


Flax 


65.3 


Silk 


86.4 






Total 


451 


2,444 


2,895 


951 


5,841 


6,792 


9,687 


29.9 


70.1 



Disregarding the unimportant silk industry, males are found in 
increasing proportions in the wool, cotton, and flax industries, in the 
order named. In the last-named industry, however, a large percent- 
age of the males are under 18 years of age, there being 23.1 per cent 
of such employees in this industry as against 15.9 per cent and 7.7 
per cent of the males employed in the cotton and wool industries, 
respectively. Children under 18 years of age comprise 14.5 per cent 
of all textile employees, the percentage of males being 15.6 and of 
females, 14.0 of the total number of the two sexes, respectively. 

No attempt is made to present the hours of labor in tabular form. 
The number varied from 36 to 70 per week, the majority of estab- 
lishments requiring more than 60 hours weekly. 

A general idea of wages may be gained from the next table, in 
which are shown the number of employees earning specified weekly 
amounts in the three principal branches of the textile industry. 
Earnings of weavers and spinners of cotton are also given separately. 

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES OF EACH SEX IN THE COTTON, WOOL, AND FLAX 
INDUSTRIES, BY SPECIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS, 1902. 



Rates of weekly earnings. 



Under 6 marks ($1.158) 

6 to 6.99 marks ($1,158 to $1.349). . 

7 to 7.99 marks ($1,351 to $1.542). . 

8 to 8.99 marks ($1,544 to $1.735) . . 

9 to 9.99 marks ($1,737 to $1.928). . 

10 to 10.99 marks ($1.93 to $2,121). 

11 to 11.99 marks ($2,123 to $2,314) 

12 to 12.99 marks ($2,316 to $2,507) 

13 to 13.99 marks ($2,509 to $2.70). 

14 to 14.99 marks ($2,702 to $2,893) 

15 to 17.99 marks ($2,895 to $3,472) 
18 to 20.99 marks ($3,474 to $4,051) 
21 to 23.99 marks ($4,053 to $4.63). 
24 to 26.99 marks ($4,632 to $5,209) 
27 to 29.99 marks ($5,211 to $5,788) 
30 marks ($5.79) or over 

Total 



Cotton in- 
dustry. 



Males. 



39 
45 
100 
25 
20 
26 
18 
54 
39 
25 
148 
108 
80 
87 
20 
63 



897 



Fe- 
males. 



130 

168 

383 

270 

332 

522 

543 

665 

623 

389 

544 

40 

6 

1 



4,616 



Wool in- 
dustry. 



Males. 



9 

5 

8 

4 

9 

13 

3 

11 

18 

6 

26 

24 

14 

7 

4 

25 



186 



Fe- 
males. 



91 

170 

229 

174 

248 

309 

110 

115 

32 

66 

24 

5 

2 



1,577 



Flax in- 
dustry. 



Males. 



6 
6 

16 

29 

33 

24 

16 

7 

6 

46 

103 

13 

7 

8 

6 



326 



Fe- 
males. 



64 

16 

68 

176 

213 

188 

101 

50 

13 

14 



903 



Total. 



Males. 



48 

56 

114 

45 

58 

72 

45 

81 

64 

37 

220 

235 

107 

101 

32 

94 



1,409 



Fe- 
males. 



221 

402 

628 

512 

756 

1,044 

841 

881 

705 

468 

582 

45 

8 

1 

1 

1 



7,096 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



43 



NUMBER OF COTTON SPINNERS AND TWISTERS AND OF COTTON WEAVERS OF EACH 
SEX, BY SPECIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS, 1902. 



Rates of weekly earnings. 



Under 6 marks ($1.158) 

6 to 6.99 marks ($1,158 to $1 

7 to 7.99 marks ($1,351 to $1 

8 to 8.99 marks ($1,544 to $1 

9 to 9.99 marks ($1,737 to $] 

10 to 10.99 marks ($1.93 to i 

11 to 11.99 marks ($2,123 to 

12 to 12.99 marks ($2,316 to 

13 to 13.99 marks ($2,509 to 

14 to 14.99 marks ($2,702 to 

15 to 17.99 marks ($2,895 to 
18 to 20.99 marks ($3,474 to 
21 to 23.99 marks ($4,053 to 
24 to 26.99 marks ($4,632 to 
27 to 29.99 marks ($5,211 to 
30 marks ($5.79) or over. . . 



349).. 

542) . . 
.735)... 
.928)... 
;2.121).. 
$2,314). 
$2,507). 
$2.70).. 
$2,893). 
$3,472). 
$4,051). 
$4,063). 
$5,209). 
$5,788). 



Total. 



Spinners and 
twisters, cotton. (a) 



Males. Females. 



1 
7 
11 
18 
8 
7 
2 



60 



13 
19 
57 
62 
69 
100 
79 
92 
57 
14 
15 



577 



Weavers, cotton. (a) 



Males. Females. 



92 



20 
94 

87 

94 

103 

142 

184 

286 

324 

234 

427 

27 

3 

1 



2,026 



a Including helpers. 

Wage data are given for a considerably greater number of employ- 
ees than are reported for in other connections, a fact that is noted in 
the report, but for which no explanation is offered. 

The following summary table shows by wage groups the percentage 
of employees of each sex in the three principal industries and in all 
textile industries, who earn specified amounts weekly: 

PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYEES IN SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS IN COTTON, WOOL, AND 
FLAX INDUSTRIES, AND IN ALL TEXTILE INDUSTRIES, BY SEX, 1902. 



Rates of weekly earnings. 


Cotton indus- 
try. 


Wool industry. 


Flax industry. 


All textile in- 
dustries. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Under 6 marks ($1.158) 


4.3 

26.1 
29.7 
39.9 


2.8 
48.0 
48.2 

1.0 


4.8 
22.6 
32.8 
39.8 


5.8 

78.6 

15.1 

.5 






1.8 
19.5 
37.7 
41.0 


3.1 


6 to 11.99 marks ($1,158 to $2,314) 

12 to 17.99 marks ($2,316 to $3.472) 

18 marks ($3,474) or over 


35.0 
23.0 
42.0 


80.3 
19.7 


60.3 

35.7 

.9 







From reports from the 7 principal localities, in which are found 
more than 90 per cent of all textile employees, it appears that 20 per 
cent of the males and 72.2 per cent of the females were paid by the 
piece, while 78.7 per cent of the males and 26.7 per cent of the females 
were reported as time workers. For the slight remainder the method 
either varied or was not reported. 

Bakery and Confectionery Products. — This volume presents 
data for 696 establishments, which gave employment to 2,149 per- 
sons. These establishments were mostly small, only 68 employing 
more than 5 persons each, the largest having 39 employees in 1904. 



44 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



There were also 275 bakeries in which 339 persons worked, in which 
there were no hired employees. 

Of the 2,149 employees for whom detailed data are given 290, or 
13.5 per cent, were under 18 years of age. Of these, 235 were males 
and 55 were females. The number of adult males was 1,170, and of 
females, 678; while for 3 males and 8 females the age was not reported. 
The age at which the greater number of males (71.3 per cent) began 
work was from 12 to 17 years, while but 20.7 per cent of the females 
entered the industry at this age; 65 per cent of the females began 
work between the ages of 18 and 29, as against 22.7 per cent of the 
males. 

Employment in this industry seems much less stable than in those 
considered above, 60.9 per cent of the males and 56.9 per cent of the 
females having served their present employers not to exceed one year, 
while only one person for whom length of service is reported has been 
with the present employer more than 20 years. 

Hours of labor in 1904 are shown in the table next given: 

NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES IN BAKERIES WORKING THE SPECIFIED 
NUMBER OF HOURS PER WEEK, BY SEX, 1904. 



Hours per week. 



48 or under 

Over 48, but not over 60.. 
Over 60, but not over 72. . . 
Over 72, but not over 84.. 
Over 84, but not over 96.. 
Over 96, but not over 108.. 
Over 108, but not over 120 

Over 120 

Not reported 

Total 



Males. 



Number. Per cent 



45 
153 
377 
416 
232 

99 

13 
6 

67 



1,408 



3.2 

10.9 

26.8 

29.6 

16.5 

7.0 

.9 

.4 

4.7 



100.0 



Females. 



Number. Per cent 



59 

68 

143 

221 

159 

57 

4 



30 



741 



8.0 

9.2 

19.3 

29.8 

21.5 

7.7 

.5 



4.0 



100.0 



Total. 



Number. Per cent 



104 
221 
520 
637 
391 
156 

17 
6 

97 



2,149 



4.8 

10.3 

24.2 

29.6 

18.2 

7.3 

.8 

.3 

4.5 



100.0 



The hours of labor in bakeries are excessively long, but 39.3 per 
cent of the employees having as short a work period as 72 hours per 
week, while 26.6 per cent worked more than 84 hours weekly. The 
greatest number of hours reported was 125 per week. Night work, 
i. e., work between 9 p. m. and 5 a. m., ranging from 7 to 56 hours 
weekly, was reported for 733 males and 360 females. Six hundred 
and fifty-six males and 86 females worked from 2 to 16 hours on 
Sundays. The largest number of persons employed on Sundays 
worked from 4 to 6 hours of the day, though 129 persons worked more 
than 10 hours on Sundays. 

The methods of payment of wages and the very considerable insta- 
bility of employment among bakery employees made the returns for 
earnings less reliable than was the case for tobacco and textile work- 
ers. The following table is reproduced as approximately presenting 
by age groups the conditions as to earnings : 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



45 



PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYEES IN THE BAKERY INDUSTRY RECEIVING SPECIFIED 
ANNUAL EARNINGS, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS, 1904. 




Employees. 


Percentage receiving annual earnings of— 


Age. 


Less than 

300 marks 

($57.90). 


300 marks 
($57.90) or 

less than 
500 marks 

($96.50). 


500 marks 

($96.50) or 

less than 

1,000 marks 

($193). 


1,000 marks 

($193) or 

over. 




Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Total. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Under 18 


233 

710 

177 

41 

6 

3 


53 
468 

58 
4 
4 
6 


286 

1,178 

235 

45 

10 

9 


3.0 
.3 

2.4 


17.0 
4.1 
6.9 

25.0 
33.3 


32.6 
4.5 

2.4 

33.3 


41.5 
25.6 
19.0 
50.0 
75.0 


64.4 
63.1 
40.1 
36.6 
66.7 
66.7 


41.5 
69.7 
70.7 
50.0 

66.7 






18 or under 30 


32.1 
59.9 
58.6 
33.3 


6 


30 or under 45 


3 4 


45 or under 60 




60 or over 




Not reported 










Total 


1,170 


593 


1,763 


.8 


5.9 


9.4 


26.6 


59.0 


66.7 


30.8 


8 







FRANCE. 

[From Bulletin 58, May, 1905, of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

Bordereaux de Salaires pour Diver ses Categories d'Ouvriers en 1900 et 
1901. Office du Travail, Ministere du Commerce, de Flndustrie, 
des Postes, et des Telegraphes. 1902. xx, 233 pp. 

The memoranda on which the major portion of this volume is 
based were collected in conformity with a law of August 10, 1889, 
which provides that contracts by the National Government for public 
works or supplies must contain provisions by which the contractor 
agrees to conform to the standard of the locality in which the work 
is done in the matters of rates of wages paid and the hours of labor. 
Similar provisions may be incorporated in contracts by the depart- 
ments, communes, and by public charity institutions. 

The determination for this purpose of the facts as to rates and 
hours rests with the branch of service interested, and is effected by 
referring, where possible, to trade agreements between unions of 
employers and employees. Where this can be done, a mixed com- 
mission is called upon, representing in equal numbers the employers 
and the employed. Trade unions, councils of prudhommes, engi- 
neers, departmental and communal architects, and other competent 
persons may also be consulted. An abstract of the memoranda col- 
lected in this manner occupies the first 124 pages of the present work. 

A second group of tables presents the results of an inquiry addressed 
to the councils of prudhommes in the various cities or to the mayors of 
such chief places of the department as had no council of prudhommes. 
This inquiry is identical in form with that under which the data were 
collected in 1896 for the fourth volume of the publication, Salaires et 
Duree du Travail dans PIndustrie Francaise. 



46 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



From a similar source was procured a report on the cost of board 
and lodging for single workmen. The last table presented was com- 
piled from 3,500 returns made by school-teachers in over 3,000 com- 
munes. They show for each locality the wages of a day laborer and of 
a joiner, the price of board and lodging of a single teacher in a hotel 
and in a private family, and the estimated cost of living of a family of 
4 persons, of which the teacher is the head. 

Short tables in the introductory chapter also show the cost of board 
and lodging for single workmen in various industries in 1896 and 1901, 
by localities; also the rates of wages in the building trades in Paris 
in 1900. The wages and hours given in the first tables are for the 
occupations concerning which need of inquiry has arisen, and are more 
of the nature of estimates than of arithmetical averages. They are 
taken to represent the current rates and hours for the greater number 
of workmen in the branch of industry under consideration. The tables 
are arranged by departments or communes under the various occupa- 
tions, and show the allowance for overtime, night work, and special 
services, as well as the normal rates. No summary is presented. 

The identity of the schedules of inquiry in 1896 and 1901 enables the 
presentation of comparative wages in a number of occupations as 
follows : 

COMPARATIVE DAILY WAGES PAID IN VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS IN 1896 AND 1901 IN 
PARIS AND IN OTHER CITIES OF FRANCE. 



Occupation. 



Brewers 

Compositors 

Bookbinders 

Tannery employees 

Saddlers and harness 

makers 

Shoemakers 

Tailors 

Dyers and cleaners 

Weavers 

Rope makers 

Wheelwrights 

Wood turners 

Coopers 

Cabinetmakers 

Tapestry workers 

Sawyers, lumber 

Carpenters 

Joiners 

Coppersmiths 

Tinsmiths 

Plumbers 

Blacksmiths 

Stove makers 



Paris. 



1896. 1901 



$1.06 
1.35 
1.25 
1.25 

1.25 
1.45 
1.45 



1.25 
1.06 
1*.35 
1.25 
1.16 



1.64 
1.54 
1.48 
1.30 
1.54 
1.16 
1.40 
1.54 
1.28 



$1.54 
L54 



1.35 
1.35 



1.54 
1.74 
1.30 
1.74 
1.54 
1.50 
1.50 
1.45 
1.64 



Other cities. 



1896. 1901 



.74 

,84 
,78 
.72 

.74 
,69 
.77 
.72 
.61 
.65 
.77 
,82 
,75 
,84 
,87 
,79 
,87 
,81 
,88 
,79 
.82 
,85 
,82 



$0.72 
.87 
.80 
.73 

.74 
.68 
.79 
.75 
.61 
.63 
.81 
.86 
.80 
.87 
.94 
.82 
1.00 
.81 
.91 
.82 
.85 
.90 
.85 



Occupation. 



Locksmiths 

Metal turners 

Q,uarrymen 

Stonecutters 

Masons 

Excavators 

Slaters 

Painters, house 

Ornamental sculptors . . . 

Brickmakers 

Potters 

Glaziers 

Day laborers 

Ironers, laundry (f.) 

Seamstresses, on dresses. , 
Seamstresses , white 

goods 

Waistcoat makers (f.) 

Lace makers (f.) 

Embroiderers (f.) 

Dressmakers (f.) 



Average. 



Paris. 



1896. 1901 



$1.25 
1.35 

.97 
1.93 
1.35 

.97 
1.50 
1.08 
1.91 

.97 
1.16 
1.16 



.68 

.77 

.48 
.77 
.77 
.87 



1.23 



$1. 45 



1.21 



1.93 
1.16 



.82 

.63 
.97 
.97 
.97 

.77 



1.34 



Other cities. 



1896. 1901. 



$0.81 
.90 
.70 
.86 
.80 
.61 
.85 
.81 
1.14 
.71 
.69 
.76 
.53 
.22 
.38 

.34 
.40 
.39 
.42 
.40 



74 



80.82 
.95 
.73 
.91 
.82 
.63 
.87 
.85 

1.18 
.76 
.78 
.78 
.56 
.37 
.38 

.34 
.44 
.42 
.44 
.41 



76 



The inquiries addressed to the school-teachers adduced the fact that 
the greater number of families under consideration consisted of 4 per- 
sons, and this number was chosen as constituting a typical family and 
the report based on that computation. 

The approximate monthly consumption of food by such a family was 
considered to be about 50 kilograms (110.23 pounds) of bread, 10 kilo- 



WAGES AND PKICES OF COMMODITIES. 



47 



grams (22.05 pounds) of beef, 4 kilograms (8.82 pounds) of lard, 6 
dozen eggs, 34 liters (35.93 quarts) of milk, and 22 kilograms (48.5 
pounds) of potatoes. The drink consumed was reckoned, according 
to locality, at 44 liters (46.49 quarts) of wine, 80 liters (84.54 quarts) 
of beer, or 100 liters (105.67 quarts) of cider. This amount being 
fixed, the varying cost in different localities was reported, from which 
a classified summary was prepared as follows: 

ESTIMATED COST PER MONTH OF FOOD AND DRINK IN VARIOUS COMMUNES, CLASSI 

FIED ACCORDING TO POPULATION. 



Class of population groups. 



Number of 

communes 
reporting. 



Expenses. 



For food. 



For 
drink. 



Total. 



Under 1,500 inhabitants 

From 1,500 to 5,000 inhabitants. 
From 5,000 to 50,000 inhabitants 
Over 50,000 inhabitants 



2,860 

317 

126 

46 



S10. 04 
10.71 
10.81 
11.97 



82.89 
2.70 
2.80 
3.45 



312.93 
lb. 41 
13.61 
15.42 



[From Bulletin 60, September, 1905, of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

Rapport sur V Apprentissage dans VImprimerie, 1899-1901. Office du 
Travail, Ministere du Commerce, de V Industrie, des Postes et des 
Telegraphes. 1902. xcvi, 320 pp. 

During the year 1898 the French minister of commerce decided that 
an investigation should be made by the bureau of labor concerning 
the industrial apprenticeship conditions in France, the actual status 
of trade instruction in workshops, and the results of the various 
methods employed in the training of workmen. It was found 
impracticable, however, to undertake such an investigation to cover 
all industries, and the bureau of labor therefore confined itself to 
apprenticeship in the printing and lithographing trades. The present 
volume is the result of this investigation. 

The report consists of a history of apprenticeship regulation in 
France, with detailed statistical tables, an analysis of the tables, and 
an account of the method of work adopted in this investigation. 

The report shows the present condition of apprentices engaged in 
the printing establishments visited; the proportion of apprentices to 
the total number of workmen employed in the various printing 
trades; and the age, length of service, and wages of employees, 
classified according to the character of their training or apprenticeship. 
It also contains a cdmpilation of information furnished by trade 
schools for the printing trades, showing their functions and the present 
occupations of their graduates, and a summary of the opinions of 
officers of trade unions, employers' associations, and proprietors of 
printing establishments. 

In the printing trades, as in many other trades in France, much 
attention is being given to a revival of the apprenticeship contract 



48 WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 

system, the establishment of an efficacious supervision over the 
instruction given apprentices, and the encouragement of trade courses; 
and on the part of the working people to a limitation of the number 
of apprentices. With regard to the first and last points much has 
been accomplished by agreements between the employers' federation 
( Union syndicate patronale) and the federation of workingmen in the 
printing and publishing trades (Federation ouvriere des travailleurs 
du livre). 

According to the census of March 26, 1896, there were in France on 
that date 56,000 persons employed in 3,500 printing and lithograph- 
ing establishments, besides a considerable number of persons in these 
trades who employed no help. If the bookbinding, photographing, 
and other allied industries are included, the number of persons 
amounts to about 84,000, of whom 36,000 were employed in the 
Department of the Seine (Paris and vicinity). The statistics con- 
tained in the present report are based upon data obtained from 762 
printing establishments, employing 15,500 persons. Of these estab- 
lishments 194, employing 6,700, were in the Department of the Seine. 

Of the 762 establishments 567 reported the existence of apprentice- 
ship contracts. In 409 establishments the contracts were verbal, in 
41 written, and in 117 the character of the contract was not reported. 

In 7 establishments the terms of apprenticeship were for 1 year or 
under; in 2, from 1 to 2 years; in 63, from 1 to 3 years; in 19, from 
2 to 3 years; in 381, 3 years; in 46, from 3 to 4 years; in 76, from 3 to 
5 years; in 7, from 4 to 5 years; in 17, from 4 to 6 years; in 3, from 
5 to 10 years. This inquiry was not answered by 141 establishments. 

About three-fourths of the apprentices completed their terms of 
apprenticeship ; the proportion in the Department of the Seine, how- 
ever, was only about one-half. Of about 2,000 apprentices, 8 per 
cent were the sons of persons engaged in printing trades, 12 per cent 
were sons of other employees in establishments where the apprentices 
were indentured, and 80 per cent were sons of persons in other 
employments. Twenty-five apprentices had graduated from trade 
schools, 7 had attended trade courses, 164 had done manual work 
before being indentured, and 215 attended trade courses during their 
apprenticeship. Less than one-tenth of the apprentices were over 18 
years of age. 

With regard to stability of employment, it was found that of 
5,847 persons who had entered upon apprenticeship in the estab- 
lishments enumerated during the past 10 years, 246 did not remain 
in service more than 1 year — that is, quitted the establishment before 
they acquired the rudiments of the trade; 407 remained from 1 to 2 
years; 436 from 2 to 3 years; 1,049 over 3 years; 2,394 were still in 
the same establishment where they were apprenticed; 680 had left 
and returned to the establishment, and in the case of 635 this inquiry 
was not answered. 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



49 



The relative number of apprentices and workmen employed varied 
with the different trades and with the size of the establishment. In 
the compositors' and pressmen's trades there were 1,182 apprentices 
and 5,454 workmen, or about 1 to 5. Among lithographers and 
transferrers there were 138 apprentices and 670 workmen, or about 1 
to 5. Among other employees in printing establishments there were 
797 apprentices and 7,084 workmen, or about 1 to 9. The variation 
of this proportion with the size of the establishment is observed in 
the following table : 

NUMBER OF APPRENTICES PER 100 COMPOSITORS AND PER 100 LITHOGRAPHERS 
IN FRANCE, GROUPED ACCORDING TO SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENT. 





Apprentices per 
100 compositors. 


Apprentices per 
100 lithographers. 


Number per establishment. 


Depart- 
ment of 

the 
Seine. 


Other 
Depart- 
ments. 


Depart- 
ment of 

the 
Seine. 


Other 
Depart- 
ments. 


1 


67 
42 
40 
30 
20 
18 
15 
6 
8 
15 


78 
49 
39 
36 
34 
27 
18 
18 
11 
10 


5 

22 
14 
33 
13 
12 


25 


2 


38 


3 


28 


4 


27 


5 


20 


6-10 


24 


11-20 


21 


21-50 




a 18 


51-100 . . 






Over 100 













a Over 20 per establishment. 

With regard to sex, it was found that where women were employed 
it was mostly as feeders or in accessory work, such as folding, stitch- 
ing, binding, etc. Of 5,451 compositors, 476, or about 9 per cent, 
were females. Of the 15,333 persons enumerated, 2,973, or 19 per 
cent, were females. 

The following tables show, for each of the five principal occupa- 
tions, the number of employees reported (not including apprentices), 
by age groups and by length of service : 

EMPLOYEES OF PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHING ESTABLISHMENTS, OTHER THAN 
APPRENTICES, IN 5 PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS, BY AGE GROUPS. 





Compositors. 


Foremen of 


Lithogra- 
phers, en- 






Feeders, 
printing and 
lithograph- 
ing. 


Age (years). 


Male. 


Female. 


pressmen, 
printing. 


gravers, de- 
signers, and 
transferrers. 


Pressmen. 




Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


12 to 17 

18 to 24 

25 to 44 

45 to 64 

65 or over 


134 

1,068 

2,392 

532 

41 


3.2 
25.6 
57.4 
12.8 

1.0 


71 
173 
206 

12 


15.3 

37.4 

44.7 

2.6 


6 

88 

419 

95 

9 


1.0 
14.3 
68.0 
15.2 

1.5 


18 
147 
429 
131 

11 


2.4 
20.0 
58.3 
17.8 

1.5 


21 

99 

197 

66 

6 


5.4 
25.5 
50.5 
17.0 

1.6 


91 
291 
220 

30 
1 


14.4 

46.0 

34.7 

4.7 

0.2 










Total 


4,167 


100.0 


462 


100.0 


617 


100.0 


736 


100.0 


389 


100.0 


633 


100.0 



48310— S. Doc. 631, 61-2- 



50 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



EMPLOYEES OF PRINTING ESTABLISHMENTS, OTHER THAN APPRENTICES, 
IN 5 PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS, BY LENGTH OF SERVICE. 





Compositors. 


Foremen of 


Lithogra- 
phers, en- 






Feeders, 
printing and 
lithograph- 
ing. 


Length of 
service 
(years). 


Male. 


Female. 


pressmen, 
printing. 


gravers, de- 
signers, and 
transferers. 


Pressmen. 




Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Less than 1 

1 to 5 


346 
1,775 

893 
1,169 

108 


8 
41 
21 
27 

3 


30 

252 

93 

87 

1 


6.4 

54.4 

20.0 

19.0 

.2 


55 
237 
107 
182 

23 


9 

39 
18 
30 

4 


82 
325 
126 
164 

28 


11 
45 
17 
23 

4 


38 
138 

70 
109 

17 


10 
37 
19 
29 
5 


83 
319 
132 

79 
5 


13 
52 


6 to 10 


21 


11 to 30 


13 


Over 30 


1 


Total 


4,291 


100 


463 


100.0 


604 


100 


725 


100 


372 


100 


618 


100 



The next table shows the methods of wage payments employed in 
the establishments answering this inquiry: 

EMPLOYEES UNDER EACH METHOD OF WAGE PAYMENT IN PRINTING AND 
LITHOGRAPHING ESTABLISHMENTS, BY OCCUPATIONS. 







Employees under each method 


of wage payment in — 




Occupation. 


Department of the 
Seine. 


Other Departments. 


Total. 




Time 
work. 


Piece- 
work. 


Time 

and 

piece 

work. 


Time 
work. 


Piece- 
work. 


Time 

and 

piece 

work. 


Time 
work. 


Piece- 
work. 


Time 

and 

piece 

work. 


Compositors: 

Male 


847 
11 

289 
100 

354 

8 

187 

65 


1,006 
120 

2 
66 

59 


80 


1,832 
64 

285 
302 

172 

443 
531 

47 


698 
210 

3 

8 

10 
11 
26 

11 


109 

46 

4 
1 


2,679 
75 

574 

402 

526 
451 
718 

112 


1,704 
330 

5 

74 

69 
11 
95 

24 


189 


Female 


46 


Foremen of pressmen, print- 
ing 




Pressmen 


4 


Feeders: 

Male 




Female 




Lithographers, etc 


69 
13 




1 


Foremen of pressmen, litho- 
graphing 









It will be observed that with the exception of those of the female 
compositors and the male compositors in the Department of the Seine, 
the wages were mostly paid for time work. This is usually for a 
10-hour day. 

The table which follows shows, by age groups and principal occupa- 
tions, the average wages of employees who, at the time of the investi- 
gation, were employed in the establishments where they had served 
their apprenticeship, and the wages of those who had received their 
training elsewhere. 



WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 



51 



AVERAGE DAILY WAGES OF EMPLOYEES IN PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHING 
ESTABLISHMENTS, BY AGE GROUPS AND OCCUPATIONS. 









12 to 17 years of age. 


18 to 24 years of age. 


Occupation. 


Total wage- 
workers. 


Apprenticed 
in same 
establish- 
ment. 


Trained 
elsewhere. 


Apprenticed 
in same 
establish- 
ment. 


Trained 
elsewhere. 




Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


Compositors: 

Male 


4,538 
459 

618 
391 
555 

757 

146 


$1.14 
.61 

1.39 

1.09 

.86 

1.29 

1.30 


100 

66 

4 
12 
38 

16 

2 


SO. 51 
.34 

.45 
.44 
.50 

.56 

.58 


31 
2 

2 

6 
28 

3 


$0.60 
.48 

.48 
.56 
.63 

.77 


588 
119 

52 

57 

135 

69 

19 


$0.84 
.54 

.81 
.86 
.79 

.89 

1.00 


466 
49 

36 

35 

103 

77 

16 


$0.91 
.66 

90 


Female 


Foremen of pressmen, 
printing 


Pressmen 


92 


Feeders 


81 


Lithographers and trans- 
ferers *.. 

Foremen of pressmen, 
lithographing 


1.15 
1.03 













25 to 44 years of age. 


45 to 64 years of age. 


Occupation. 


Apprenticed 
in same 
establish- 
ment. 


Trained 
elsewhere. 


Apprenticed 
in same 
establish- 
ment. 


Trained 
elsewhere. 




Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


Compositors: 

Male 


621 
101 

126 
65 
57 
93 

27 


$1.08 
.64 
1.24 
1.04 
.91 
1.26 
1.24 


1,715 
102 
292 
117 
160 
327 
57 


$1.22 
.79 
1.40 
1.20 
.95 
1.43 
1.48 


73 

4 

13 

12 

5 

19 
4 


$1.22 

.82 

1.49 

.97 

.89 

1.25 

1.03 


448 
8 

82 
49 
23 

106 
17 


$1.30 


Female 


.76 


Foremen of pressmen, printing 


1.60 


Pressmen 


1.24 


Feeders 


.92 


Lithographers and transferers 


1.50 


Foremen of pressmen, lithographing 


1.56 





65 years of age or over. 


Age unknown. 


Occupation. 


Apprenticed 
in same 
establish- 
ment. 


Trained 
elsewhere. 


Apprenticed 
in same 
establish- 
ment. 


Trained 
elsewhere. 




Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


Compositors: 

Male 


4 


$1.03 


35 


$1.06 


38 
6 


$1.15 
.77 


419 
2 
2 

31 
3 

18 
3 


$1.49 


Female 


.77 


Foremen of pressmen, printing 


1 

1 


1.16 

.77 


8 
5 
1 
9 


1.20 

1.47 

.58 

1.55 


1.33 


Pressmen 


1 
1 

19 


.68 

.68 

1.31 


1.07 


Feeders 


.74 


Lithographers and transferers 


1 
1 


1.21 

.58 


1.31 


Foremen of pressmen, lithographing 


1.47 











52 WAGES AND PRICES OE COMMODITIES. 

It will be observed that in almost every case the average daily 
wages of persons trained elsewhere were higher than the wages of 
persons who remained in the establishments where they had served 
their apprenticeship. While the number of persons over 44 years of 
age was relatively small, the wages of persons in the age group 45 to 
64 years were in most cases higher than those in any other age group. 

The report further shows that in general, at least in the Depart- 
ment of the Seine, workmen in the printing industry who have grad- 
uated from trade schools or have attended trade courses are better 
paid than other workmen. 

The schools for the printing trades at present in existence in France 
are of four kinds, namely: (1) Those organized and conducted as pub- 
lic institutions, of which 1 is in Paris, 1 in Montevrain, 1 in Lisle, 
and 1 in Nimes; (2) schools and courses organized by trade associa- 
tions, of which there were 2 by employers in Paris,, and 8 by trade 
unions, namely, 1 each in Paris, Lyon, Grenoble, Marseille, Toulouse, 
Bordeaux, Nantes, and Havre; (3) trade courses organized in print- 
ing establishments, of which there was 1 each reported in Paris, D61e, 
Poitiers, and Havre; (4) trade schools and courses organized by 
charitable and religious societies, of which there were 5 in Paris and 
1 each in Asnieres, Auteuil, Bordeaux, He St. Honorat, Lisle, Mar- 
seille, Montpellier, Nice, and St. Etienne. A school at Paris and one 
at Autun prepare females for printing trades. The schools above 
enumerated are not all exclusively devoted to the printing and litho- 
graphing trades, but many of them teach other trades also. 

The responses of trade unions, employers' associations, and indi- 
vidual employers to inquiries agree that there is a decline in trade 
instruction. Among the reasons given the most frequent are the influ- 
ence of machinery and the specialization of work. Another reason 
given is that parents do not care to pay the cost of an appren- 
ticeship, but, on the contrary, want their children to earn wages as 
soon as possible. As a result the young persons learn the rudiments 
of the work, but do not become finished workmen. The existence of 
many small establishments where the work is of an inferior grade 
and is largely done by apprentices, and the desire for cheap labor on 
the part of larger establishments, have resulted in an excessive num- 
ber of apprentices, and as a consequence the latter do not obtain the 
training necessary for good workmen. In the lithographing trade 
employers complain that the lack of good workmen is due to the lim- 
itation placed by employees upon the number of apprentices. An- 
other complaint is that the trade schools turn their best pupils toward 
more intellectual careers. Owing to the decline in the standard of 
apprenticeship and the excessive number of apprentices, with the con- 
sequent overstocking of the labor market and insufficient wages, 



WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 53 

workmen in the printing trade rarely have their children adopt their 
own vocation, and as a result the children do not have the benefit of 
the experience and direction of their parents. 

The custom of signing written contracts is rapidly disappearing. 
Some employers say that they do not want written contracts because 
apprentices do not carry out their part of the agreement and there are 
no practicable means for enforcing compliance on the part of the 
apprentice. In accordance with an agreement made between the 
federations of the employers and of the employees in the printing 
trades concerning compositors, all beginners in this trade are consid- 
ered as apprentices, with the exception of young persons whose occu- 
pations consist exclusively of unskilled manual labor. The work- 
men seem to be desirous of extending this arrangement to the other 
printing trades. 

Inquiries concerning the most satisfactory apprenticeship condi- 
tions elicited a considerable variety of opinions. In the printing 
trade proper some employers and most employees responding to the 
inquiry appear to favor the mixed system of placing apprentices in 
establishments and requiring them to attend complementary trade 
courses in school. Special trade schools are regarded unfavorably by 
many employers, because, they claim, the graduates are too preten- 
tious, even though their training is deficient, and because the teachers 
are inclined to confine the instruction to the special work with which 
they are most familiar. On the other hand, some employers consider 
the trade school as preferable to the workshop, because the owner of 
the shop does not have the time properly to look after the instruction 
of the apprentice. At any rate, it is claimed that even if the trade 
schools are useful it is only in the large centers that apprentices can 
derive profit from them. Among partisans of the shop apprentice- 
ship some prefer the small shops and others the large ones. In small 
shops, it is claimed, the apprentice is better guided and is treated more 
paternally, but he has less opportunity to familiarize himself with a 
large variety of work. In the large establishment he has less super- 
vision, but his trade instruction is more varied and extensive. 

There were 40 employers of printing establishments who responded 
in favor of and 22 against trade schools; 4 declared exclusive shop 
apprenticeship defective, while 91 preferred it. Only a few em- 
ployers expressed their opinions concerning the mixed system, and 
of these 12 were in favor of and 17 against it. The workmen seemed 
mostly to favor the mixed system. The trade unions generally 
refrained from expressing their opinions upon the trade schools, the 
lithographers, however, having declared against them. 

Taken all in all, the employers and employees do not seem to have 
any settled opinions, this being doubtless due to the fact that the 



54 WAGES AND PKICES OF COMMODITIES. 

efficacy of any system of apprenticeship depends largely upon the 
manner in which it is applied. 

[From Bulletin 68, January, 1907, of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

Rapport sur V Apprentissage dans les Industries de V Ameublement. 
Office du Travail, Ministere du Commerce, de Flndustrie, des 
Postes, et des Telegraphies. 1905. xxiii, 655 pp. 

This volume presents the results of an investigation made in 1903-4, 
of apprenticeship in the furniture industry, and is the second of a 
series of reports on the subject of apprenticeship in certain industries 
in France, the first having contained a report on apprenticeship in 
the printing and lithographing trades. The report is in three parts, 
the first of which records the development of the furniture trades and 
of the methods of apprenticeship in use therein from time to time, 
including the introduction of the system of technical instruction 
which has so largely succeeded the old system of apprenticeship. 
The second part discusses the scope and methods of the investigation 
on which the present report was based, and presents a summary of 
the results. In the third part are given a number of tables, sum- 
maries of opinions of employers' and employees' associations, brief 
accounts of schools and courses giving technical training in the 
branches of industry considered, forms of rules and contracts gov- 
erning apprenticeship at different periods, etc. 

The report relates to about one-fifth of the entire number of persons 
employed in the industries investigated, a larger proportion than this 
having been included in the returns for the department of the Seine, in 
which Paris is situated, while for the more remote districts the returns 
covered a smaller proportion. Contrary to the rule prevailing in the 
printing trades, the larger establishments were found to be located at 
some distance from Paris, on account of the lower cost of labor. 

The census of March 24, 1901, reported 37,956 persons engaged in 
the furniture industry proper in 7,337 establishments. Including 
specialists, such as makers of chairs and armchairs, wood carvers, 
veneerers, inlayers, etc., the total number of persons employed in 
the furniture and related industries amounts to approximately 
52,000 and the number of establishments to 10,300. Of these, 3,000 
establishments, employing 18,000 persons, are in the department of 
the Seine. 

The investigation of 1903-4 was carried on through the mail, 
nearly 6,200 schedules being sent out and about 1,000 responses 
received. The final compilation of data was made up from 689 
schedules, the others received having been rejected as reporting 
neither apprentices nor hired employees. The 689 establishments 
accounted for in the schedules employed 9,426 persons, of both 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 55 

sexes, of whom 926 were apprentices and 8,500 ranked as journey- 
men. The number of females employed was 841, of whom 22 were 
apprentices. The proportion of female employees (somewhat less 
than 9 per cent) does not seem to be increasing in this industry. 

The common complaint of an excessive number of apprentices, 
taken on at low rates in order to save payment of wages, was not 
found to be warranted by the facts. Not more than 10 per cent of 
the employees were of the apprentice grade, and this proportion 
seems to have been practically the same for 40 or 50 years past. 
Only 294 establishments reported the use of any form of contract. 
Of those using contracts 265 stated that the contract was merely 
verbal, 20 that it was in writing, and 9 failed to indicate the form in 
use. The length of the term of apprenticeship was reported for 375 
establishments, in 280 of which the term was 3 years, the period 
ranging from 1 to 6 years in the other instances. Summing up all 
the reports received, it appears that approximately three-fourths of 
all apprentices serve out their terms. 

During the first half of the last century written contracts contin- 
ued to retain a considerable degree of favor. In Paris, in 1847, about 
one-fourth the apprentices were under such contracts, but in 1903-4 
the proportion was hardly 5 per cent of the total. Under the old 
system an apprentice paid for instruction, either in money or by 
services rendered after such skill had been acquired as would render 
them of value, and the written contract was necessary to secure the 
performance of the stipulated obligations. At the present time no 
payment is made for instruction, and the apprentice receives pay for 
whatever work of value he performs. Neither party wishes to be 
bound to the other for a longer term than their apparent immediate 
interests shall require; and, though the term of apprenticeship is in 
general but 3 years, as compared with 4 to 6 years under the old 
regime, this period is in many cases reduced almost one-half. The 
practice of taking the apprentice into the home of his master or of 
making the latter responsible for his board and lodging is almost 
entirely discontinued. 

The fathers of 280 apprentices were themselves engaged in the 
furniture industry, the fathers of 129 being employees in the same 
shops in which their children were serving apprenticeships. The 
fathers of 555 apprentices were of other trades, and for 91 the trade 
of the fathers was not reported. Before entering apprenticeship 21 
apprentices had been in attendance at trade schools, 23 had pursued 
trade courses, and 110 had received training in some form of manual 
work ; 466 pursued technical courses during their terms of apprentice- 
ship. 



56 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



For the ten-year period, 1894 to 1903, an account is given of 3,554 
persons who served apprenticeships within that time with the estab- 
lishments making returns. Of these 992 have remained continu- 
ously in the employment of the establishment where they received 
their training and 601 returned to service after having quitted it 
for a time, 421 remained not more than 1 year, 458 more than 1 
year but not more than 2 years, 456 from 2 to 5 years, and 237 more 
than 5 years. For 389 the length of service is not reported. Of the 
8,500 journeymen working men and women employed at the time of 
this investigation, 1,608 were reported as having served their appren- 
ticeship with their present employer, 6,577 as having been trained 
elsewhere, while for 315 the place of training was not reported. 

In the following table are shown by age groups and principal occu- 
pations the wages of employees in the furniture industry, classified 
by place of training, whether with their present employers or else- 
where : 



AVERAGE DAILY WAGES OF EMPLOYEES IN THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY, BY AGE 
GROUPS, OCCUPATIONS, AND PLACE OF TRAINING, 1903. 





12 or under 18 years 
of age. 


18 or under 25 
of age. 


years 


25 or under 45 years 
of age. 


Occupation. 


Appren- 
ticed in 

same 
establish- 
ment. 


Trained 
elsewhere. 


Appren- 
ticed in 

same 
establish- 
ment. 


Trained 
elsewhere. 


Appren- 
ticed in 

same 
establish- 
ment. 


Trained 
elsewhere. 




No. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


No. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


No. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


No. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


No. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


No. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


Foremen and draftsmen 






3 


$0.23 


2 


$0.87 


15 
1 

287 
86 

107 
47 

29 
13 

94 

67 

10 

43 
3 


$1.15 
.77 
1.02 
1.06 
1.44 
1.05 

1.13 

.67 

1.02 
.56 

.88 

1.05 

.68 


25 
1 

a 174 

102 

86 

el31 

84 
17 

61 
35 

4 

14 
2 


$1.49 
.68 
.9?. 
.86 
1.24 
.93 

.78 
.66 

1.41 
.52 

.40 

1.06 
.46 


148 

9 

bl, 395 

417 

c550 

276 

153 
25 

518 

225 

38 

231 
14 


$2.00 


Forewomen 






1.10 


Cabinetmakers 


29 

11 

23 

dlO 

16 
15 

8 
10 

11 

1 
12 


$0.56 
.47 
.92 
.57 

.45 
.41 

.76 
.47 

.45 

.48 
.26 


19 
3 
5 


.92 
.48 
.95 


151 
56 
73 

47 

23 
22 

70 
31 

6 

16 
9 


.72 

.91 

1.03 

.89 

.80 
.63 

.97 

.48 

.55 

.95 
.41 


1.37 


Joiners 


1.35 


Wood carvers 


1.72 


Molding workers 


1.20 


Gilders: 

Males 


3 
2 

6 
3 

1 

3 


.84 
.39 

.75 
.39 

.29 

.31 


1.33 


Females 


1.08 


Upholsterers: 

Males 


1.63 


Females 


.67 


Cane and straw workers: 

Females 


.35 


Other employees: 

Males 


1.21 


Females 


.64 











a Including 4 females, earning $0.29 per day, 
b Including 1 female, earning $0.77 per day. 
c Including 1 female, earning $0.68 per day. 
d Including 1 female, earning $0.48 per day. 
* Including 1 female, earning $0.39 per day. 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



57 



AVERAGE DAILY WAGES OF EMPLOYEES IN THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY, BY AGE 
GROUPS, OCCUPATIONS, AND PLACE OF TRAINING, 1903-Concluded. 





45 or under 65 years 
of age. 


65 years of age or 
over. 


Age not reported. 






Occupation. 


Appren- 
ticed in 

same 
establish- 
ment. 


Trained 
elsewhere. 


Appren- 
ticed in 
same 

establish- 
ment. 


Trained 
elsewhere. 


Appren- 
ticed in 
same 

establish- 
ment. 


Trained 
elsewhere. 


Total. 




No. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


No. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


No. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


No. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


No. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


No. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages . 


No. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 


Foremen and 
draftsmen 


6 
1 
23 
15 
11 
53 

9 
4 

9 

4 


$1.29 
.97 
.80 
.91 
.84 
.76 

.79 
.42 

1.48 
.61 


83 
5 
598 
143 
101 
102 

42 
14 

160 
116 

6 

89 
5 


$1.98 
1.10 
1.33 
1.23 

1.78 
1.18 

1.42 
.64 

1.83 
.69 

.32 

1.13 
.52 






4 


$1.72 






2 


$1.93 


288 
17 
2,883 
879 
991 
726 

381 
116 

960 
521 

79 

462 
45 


$1.85 
1 05 


Forewomen 










Cabinetmakers 

Joiners 


5 
4 


$0.52 
.69 


50 
24 
14 
10 

8 
2 

10 

17 


.97 
1.02 
1.29 

.84 

1.20 

.72 

1.69 

.74 


15 
2 


$0.74 
.77 


137 
16 
21 
35 

10 
2 

19 
9 

3 

47 


1.08 

.73 

1.10 

1.19 

1.09 
.19 

1.29 

.58 

.29 
.66 


1.23 
1.17 
1 54 


Wood carvers 


Molding workers. . 
Gilders: 

Males 


3 
2 


.99 

.87 


12 

2 


.91 

.77 


1.07 

1.10 

68 


Females 


Upholsterers: 

Males 


1 


1.25 


4 
4 


1.24 

.48 


1.52 

63 


Females 


Cane and straw 
workers: 






44 


Other employees: 
Males 


6 


1.13 


1 


.39 


11 


.85 






1 09 


Females 






47 



























In the greater number of cases the wages of employees who have 
served apprenticeships with their present employers do not equal 
those of employees of like age who were trained elsewhere. From this 
fact it may be inferred that a more varied training than is likely to be 
secured in a single establishment is desirable and profitable. 

A number of schools or courses have been organized with a view to 
the training of young people for efficiency in the trades of the furni- 
ture industry, some as a result of private initiative, and others by the 
action of the State or of a commune. In these theory and practice 
may be given together with a measure of elementary instruction; or 
the instruction may be mainly theoretical, given at such times of the 
day or week as to be available to young people employed in the shops, 
and designed to supplement the practical training received therein. 
The latter form is favored for a variety of reasons, partly because of 
the smaller cost of maintenance and the ease with which a consider- 
able variety of courses can be provided for; but more because such 
instruction, given mainly in the evening, is open to apprentices who 
are at work for wages during the day, and who are in need of this theo- 
retical complement to their shop training, especially in view of the 
tendency toward specialization. 

The public schools offer training belonging properly to the first 
class, industrial and general elementary education each receiving a 



58 WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 

degree of attention, while schools and courses organized by employers' 
and workmen's associations generally fall within the second class. 

Pupils are mostly from 13 to 18 years of age, those above the latter 
age being very few. In schools offering both theory and practice the 
amount of time devoted to each is nearly equal, except in the schools 
designated as primary superior trade schools, in which little time is 
given to manual training. Where the amounts vary through the 
different years of the courses theoretical work predominates during 
the first years and practical work toward the close of the course. 

As to the question of the decline of apprenticeship, employers and 
workmen were agreed, such decadence having been made a matter of 
investigation more than 30 years ago. The decline has probably been 
accentuated of late years on account of depression in the furniture 
industry. This reason is particularly operative in cabinetmaking, 
where there has been a scarcity of employment for the existing num- 
ber of workmen. 

The most general cause of the decline is agreed to be the growth of 
the custom of the parents of apprentices demanding compensation for 
their services before the expiration of the usual term of apprenticeship. 
This demand leads to the practice of employing the apprentice as a 
workman or making him a specialist in some single operation in order 
that he may render services of greater market value to his master to 
offset the wage payment that is required. Other causes of the decline 
are the breaking off of the contract of apprenticeship, the apprentice 
being encouraged thereto by his parents, and sometimes even by 
unscrupulous employers who seek the services at a moderate compen- 
sation of partly trained apprentices, thus depriving the first master of 
his rightfully anticipated benefits from the services of his apprentice 
during the more profitable portion of his term; the lack of control 
over apprentices who leave prematurely and go elsewhere to offer their 
services as workmen, etc. On the other hand, there are incompetent 
masters who can not give the necessary training, as well as those who 
try to keep their apprentices on a single class of work as a matter of 
profit rather than pay reasonable wages for a trained workman. 

The effect of the introduction of machinery and the consequent 
disappearance of certain classes of workmen can not be overlooked, 
inasmuch as it affects apprenticeship both by making unnecessary in 
certain processes the employment of labor trained by long experience 
and by leading to the use of classes of appliances which persons 
under 16 years of age are forbidden by law to operate. The employ- 
ment of alien labor, especially in Paris and in certain frontier cities, 
is also mentioned as affecting apprenticeship unfavorably. 

The enactment of other statutes for the protection of labor has 
operated in a similar manner. Thus the law that limits the employ- 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 59 

ment of children under 18 years of age to 10 hours per day fixes the 
same period for the day's work of adults employed in the same shops, 
which has led to the discharge of the young workmen, so as to relieve 
the shop from the application of the law. Another law requires 
accident insurance to be carried by employers using mechanically 
propelled machinery, and as the premium is reckoned by the number 
of employees the services of the less profitable apprentice are dis- 
pensed with for the sake of a saving in premiums. 

It is the general consensus of opinion that skilled workmanship is 
not declining, however, in spite of the decadence of apprenticeship. 
Of 415 replies from employers more than two-thirds spoke of the 
standard of workmanship as improving, about one-fifth stating that 
it was stationary, and the opinions of persons of other classes in the 
industry are in agreement. 

The chief criticism on present conditions appears to be the insuffi- 
ciency of elementary education, not only among the apprentices but 
also among the pupils in the professional or trade schools, where such 
insufficiency is found to be an obstacle to progress in technical educa- 
tion. 

As already indicated, the preference of the majority of those con- 
sulted is for a mixed system of training that gives the young work- 
man an opportunity to receive such theoretical training in evening 
schools or courses as will supplement the manual training of the shop. 
Another point made in favor of the technical supplementary courses 
was that in the professional or trade schools the instructors were too 
far removed from actual trade conditions and progress, and conse- 
quently the training lacked in applicability to current conditions. 

General remedial measures favored by employers and workmen 
alike were, first, the return to the use of a contract of apprenticeship, 
due regard being had to the rights of both parties, with special pro- 
visions for the supervision of the apprentice and a testing of his 
actual attainments at the completion of his term, and, secondly, the 
more complete establishment of supplementary professional courses, 
attendance on which should be obligatory at times. The restriction 
of the number of apprentices was recommended by some employers 
and by certain workmen's associations. 

Employers generally desire a modification of the law regulating 
the hours of labor of children, so that adult workmen may be employed 
beyond the 10-hour limit prescribed for persons under 18 years of 
age. They also ask for protection against the competition of shops 
whose output is disposed of by peddling and of the department 
store, such competition tending to increase the periods of unemploy- 
ment among their workmen and to hinder the training of apprentices. 
Others recommended that manual training courses be extended in 



60 WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 

the elementary schools in order to test and develop the abilities of 
the child and to enable the parent to learn his aptitudes and to guide 
him more wisely in the choice of a trade. 

V Enseignement Professionnel. Ministere du Commerce, de Plndus- 
trie, des Postes et des Telegraphies. Conseil Superieur du Travail. 
1905. 159 pp. 

At a meeting of the superior council of labor, held in 1901, a perma- 
nent commission was appointed for the purpose of investigating the 
subject of industrial education and training, with special reference to 
the question of apprenticeship. The present volume contains ex- 
tracts from the minutes of the various sessions and a report of the rec- 
ommendations of this commission, together with an account of the 
proceedings and conclusions of various official and unofficial bodies 
which had had the same subject under consideration. 

In prosecuting its investigation the permanent commission sent out 
schedules of inquiry to the different trade and industrial schools of 
France, by which means information was obtained as to the courses 
of training, cost to the pupil, form of support, if any, of the school, 
number of pupils in attendance, time devoted to the work of the 
school, etc. This information is given in detail for each of 5 national 
schools of arts and trades, 4 national trade schools, 15 practical schools 
of industry, 29 schools of commerce and industry (industrial sections), 
13 trade schools of the city of Paris, 2 national schools of watchmaking, 
18 schools classed as primary superior trade schools, 35 unclassified 
establishments, and 19 schools under the care of the Brothers of the 
Christian Schools, making a total of 140 schools in which training was 
given in 1903 in one or more branches of industry. There were 
besides the above 241 establishments or courses in which instruction 
was given in technical and industrial lines. The information relative 
to the latter group is for the year 1904. No summaries are given for 
either class of establishments. 

The lines of action of the permanent commission are indicated in a 
series of resolutions adopted by the superior council of labor at its 
session of November, 1902. These resolutions, in so far as they relate 
to the subject of industrial training, are to the effect that a form of 
trade instruction, adapted to individual preferences and circum- 
stances, should be given to each young person under 18 }^ears of age, 
so that he or she may not be compelled to remain always an unskilled 
worker; that the instruction, both theoretical and practical, should 
be free ; that the supervision of young persons receiving such instruc- 
tion should be provided for on the same basis as is that of apprentices. 
Instruction might be given in the workshops, but should be given in 
appropriate trade schools and courses if it can not be provided for in 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 61 

the shops, or if the employer is not willing to accept the responsi- 
bility. Finally, the permanent commission, taking into consideration 
both the necessary measures relative to apprenticeship proper and 
the requirements of the trade schools and courses, should work out in 
detail a project for the organization, direction, and supervision of 
trade instruction. 

In accordance with these resolutions, a bill was drafted, based 
mainly on a measure offered by the superior council of trade instruc- 
tion, and by it presented to the superior council of labor. This bill 
would provide for trade or finishing courses for apprentices, work- 
men, and employees in commercial and industrial undertakings, such 
courses to be certified to in the office of the mayor of the locality 
within which they are offered. Attendance would be obligatory on 
persons under 18 years of age who are employed in commerce or indus- 
try, whether with or without contracts of apprenticeship. Tuition 
would be free, and employers should allow time for attendance on the 
courses during the regular working day, not to exceed 8 hours per 
week, or 2 hours in a single day. Pupils should be excused from com- 
pulsory attendance, either on passing an examination, on proof of 3 
years' attendance on the course, or on a showing, after at least 1 year's 
attendance, that they are unable to profit by further attendance on 
the course. 

Further details of the proposed law are shown in full in the report, 
but the above are the principal features. So far as appears, it has 
not as yet been made a subject of legislative consideration. 

ITALY. 

[From Bulletin 79, November, 1908, of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

/ Lavoratori delle Miniere. Minister© di Agricoltura, Industria e 
Commercio. Ufficio del Lavoro. Parte Prima, 287 pp. 1907. 

This report presents the results of an investigation into the con- 
dition of the employees in the mines and quarries of Italy, under- 
taken in 1906, by the bureau of labor of the ministry of agriculture, 
industry, and commerce at the request of the Mine Labor Congress of 

1904. The superior council of labor in the same year expressed its 
approval of such a study. The topics discussed are the age, conjugal 
condition, days lost on account of sickness, daily wages, and occupa- 
tions of the workers. 

According to data published in the anuual mineral statistics for 

1905, the total number of persons in the Kingdom in 1905 employed 
in mining was 63,996 and in quarrying 59,342. 

The age grouping of employees in mines and quarries is shown in 
the table following. 



62 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES IN MINES AND IN QUARRIES, IN EACH AGE GROUP, AT 

THE BEGINNING OF 1906. 



Industry. 



Num- 
ber 
of em- 
ployees. 



Per cent of employees- 



15 years 
of age 

or 
under. 



16 to 21 
years 
of age. 



22 to 30 

years 
of age. 



31 to 40 
years 
of age. 



41 to 50 
years 
of age. 



51 to 60 
years 
of age. 



Over 60 
years 
of age. 



Mining 

Quarrying. 



53,795 
11,646 



6.1 
4.5 



22.1 

18.5 



25.8 
23.2 



21.1 
22.1 



15.1 
17.2 



7.5 

10.1 



2.3 

4.4 



The largest percentage of workers in mining is shown to be between 
the ages of 22 and 30, with a rapid decrease in the number of workers 
in the higher ages. In quarrying the distribution, among the groups, 
is more uniform, but also shows the same general features. 

The following table shows the results of the investigation in regard 
to the conjugal condition of the workers in the two industries : 

CONJUGAL CONDITION OF EMPLOYEES IN MINES AND IN QUARRIES, BY AGE 

GROUPS, AT THE BEGINNING OF 1906. 



Age group. 



Employees in mines. 



Num- 
ber. 



Per cent of- 



Single. 



Married. 



Wid- 
owed. 



Employees in quarries. 



Num- 
ber. 



Per cent of— 



Single. 



Married. 



Wid- 
owed. 



15 years or under 

16 to 21 years 

22 to 30 years 

31 to 40 years 

41 to 50 years 

51 to 60 years 

Over 60 years. . . 

Total 



3,161 

11,116 

12, 582 

10, 375 

7,514 

3,765 

1,182 



100.0 
96.6 
60.6 
19.3 
10.0 
7.4 
5.8 



3.4 
39.1 
79.4 
87.1 
87.2 
83.5 



0.3 
1.3 
2.9 
5.4 

10.7 



572 
2,144 
2,705 
2,579 
2,008 
1,184 

515 



100.0 

95.2 

47.6 

11.8 

8.1 

6.5 

5.8 



4.7 
51.6 
86.6 
88.8 
86.9 
81.9 



0.1 



12.2 



49, 695 



49.5 



49.0 



1.5 



11,707 



38.1 



59.5 



2.3 



The table indicates that there is an apparent tendency for mar- 
riage to occur earlier in life among the quarry workers than among 
the mine workers. 

The number of working days lost on account of sickness during 
the year 1905 by the mine and quarry workers is as follows: 

AVERAGE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN MINES AND IN QUARRIES AND AVERAGE 
NUMBER OF WORKING DAYS LOST PER EMPLOYEE ON ACCOUNT OF SICKNESS, 
BY AGE GROUPS, 1905. 



Age group. 



Employees in 
mines. 



Number. 



Average 
days lost. 



Employees in 
quarries. 



Number. 



Average 
days lost. 



15 years or under 

16 to 21 years 

22 to 30 years 

31 to 40 years 

41 to 50 years 

51 to 60 years 

Over 60 years . . . 

Total 



1,984 
7,581 
9,114 
7,479 
5,363 
2,577 
800 



3.7 
4.6 
6.0 
6.7 
6.9 
9.5 
9.3 



185 
705 
906 
890 
765 
437 
206 



7.9 
7.9 
7.8 
8.6 
9.0 
13.0 
10.2 



34, 898 



6.2 



4,094 



9.0 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



63 



While the total number of quarry workers investigated is much 
smaller than the number of mine workers, the data may, however, 
be regarded as representative. According to the preceding table, 
the rate of sickness is uniformly higher for quarry workers for each 
of the age groups. For both the mine and the quarry workers there 
is a general tendency to a higher sickness rate with increasing age. 
Both classes of workers show a lower rate for the ages over 60, but 
this is probably due to special influences. 

The two following tables show by age groups the per cent of 
workers in mines and in quarries receiving each classified daily rate 
of wages at the beginning of the year 1906. The tables are based on 
data for 53,795 employees in mines and 11,646 employees in quarries. 

PER CENT OF MINE EMPLOYEES RECEIVING EACH CLASSIFIED DAILY RATE OF 
WAGES AT BEGINNING OF 1906, BY AGE GROUPS. 





Per cent of employees in each wage class— 


Daily wage rate. 


15 

years 
of age or 
under. 


16 to 

21 years 
of age. 


22 to 

30 years 

of age. 


31 to 
40 years 
of age. 


41 to 

50 years 

of age. 


51 to 

60 years 

of age. 


Over 

60 years 

of age. 


All 
ages. 


0.50 lira ($0,097) or under 


0.8 

8.4 

28.1 

27.1 

27.2 

4.2 

2.4 

.6 

.4 

.5 

.3 


0.1 

2.2 

7.3 

13.0 

28.3 

16.1 

13.5 

5.7 

6.1 

5.1 

1.7 

.6 

.2 

.1 


0.1 

.3 

1.0 

1.9 

6.2 

11.8 

19.1 

13.7 

17.1 

17.0 

7.6 

2.9 

.8 

.5 








0.2 

.2 

2.7 

2.3 

5.0 

9.3 

17.8 

9.0 

15.8 

21.4 

10.7 

4.2 

.9 

.5 


1 


0.51 lira (80.098) to 0.75 lira ($0,145) . . 
0.76 lira (80.147) to 1.00 lira (80.193). . 
1.01 lire (80.195) to 1.25 lire (80.241) . . . 
1.26 lire ($0,243) to 1.50 lire (80.290) . . . 
1.51 lire (80.291) to 1.75 lire (80.338) . . . 
1.76 lire ($0,340) to 2.00 lire (80.386) . . . 
2.01 lire ($0,388) to 2.25 lire (80.434). . . 
2.26 lire ($0,436) to 2.50 lire (80.483) . . . 
2.51 lire ($0,484) to 3.00 lire ($0.579) . . . 
3.01 lire ($0,581) to 4.00 lire (80.772). . . 
4.01 lire ($0,774) to 5.50 lire (81.062) . . . 


0.1 

.8 

1.0 

3.7 

7.2 

15.9 

12.6 

19.9 

21.1 

11.8 

4.1 

1.1 

.7 


0.1 

.9 

.9 

3.5 

6.8 

15.7 

10.6 

18.7 

22.3 

13.0 

5.4 

1.3 

.8 


0.1 

1.2 

1.5 

3.6 

7.4 

17.1 

10.7 

19.1 

20.9 

11.2 

5.7 

1.1 

.4 


1.1 

41 

5.6 

11.2 

10.1 

15.4 

10.1 

14.6 

15.4 

7.9 

3.1 


5.51 lire ($1,063) to 7.00 lire ($1.351) . . . 




.8 


7.01 lire (81.353) or over 




.5 








Total 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 


100 







PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES IN QUARRIES RECEIVING EACH CLASSIFIED DAILY 
RATE OF WAGES AT BEGINNING OF 1906, BY AGE GROUPS. 



Daily wage rate. 



0.501 
0.511 
0.761 
1.011 
1.261 
1.511 
1.761 
2.011 
2.261 
2.511 
3.011 
4.011 
5.511 
7.011 



ra (SO. 
ra (SO. 
ra (SO. 
re (SO. 
re (80. 
re (SO. 
re (80. 
re (SO. 
re (80. 
re (80. 
re (SO. 
re (80. 
re ($1. 
re ($1. 

Total. 



097) or 

098) to 
147) to 
195) to 
243) to 
291) to 
340) to 
388) to 
436) to 
484) to 
581) to 
774) to 
063) to 
353) or 



under. . 
0.75 lira 
1.00 lira 
1.25 lire 
1.50 lire 
1. 75 lire 
2.00 lire 
2.25 lire 
2.50 lire 
3.00 lire 
4.00 lire 
5.50 lire 
7.00 lire 
over 



($0,145). 
(80.193). 
(80.241). 
(80.290). 
(S0.338) . 
(80.386). 
(80.434). 
(80.483). 
($0,579). 
($0,772). 
($1,062). 
($1,351). 



Per cent of employees in each wage class- 



15 years 
of age or 
under. 



11.3 

12.5 

31.7 

13.0 

12.9 

5.9 

4.6 

1.5 

2.5 

2.7 



100.0 



16 to 

21 years 

of age. 



0.6 

2.6 

7.1 

5.8 

11.5 

6.9 

16.2 

8.1 

13.3 

15.7 

11.6 

.4 

.1 

.1 

100.0 



22 to 

30 years 

of age. 



0.1 

.3 

2.6 

1.3 

3.4 

4.0 

7.0 

5.8 

12.5 

25.9 

32.6 

3.5 

.7 

.3 

100.0 



31 to 
40 years 
of age. 



0.2 

1.9 

.9 

3.1 

2.4 

7.3 

6.1 

12.1 

21.4 

35.1 

7.2 

1.8 

.5 

100.0 



41 to 
50 years 
of age 



2. 

1. 

3. 

4. 

7. 

5. 

12.0 
22.0 
32.3 



1.1 
.5 

100.0 



51 to I Over 
60 years 60 years 
of age. j of age. 



0.1 

.3 

2.3 

1.0 

3.9 

5.7 

7.8 

7.5 

12.8 

23.9 

27.6 

5.8 

1.0 

.3 

100.0 



0. 



5. 

3. 

7. 

4.2 
12.4 

8.3 
14.5 
21.9 
18.2 

2.5 
.4 



100.0 



All 
ages. 



0.7 
1.2 

4.6 

2.6 

5.5 

4.5 

9.0 

6.3 

12.2 

20.9 

26.6 

4.7 

.9 

.3 

100.0 



64 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



The table for mine workers shows that the most frequent rates for 
persons 15 years of age or under are from 0.76 to 1.50 lire (14.7 to 
29.0 cents) per day; for persons 16 to 21 years of age the most fre- 
quent rates are from 1.01 to 2.00 lire (19.5 to 38.6 cents) per day; for 
persons 22 to 30 years of age the most frequent rates are from 1.51 to 
3.00 lire (29.1 to 57.9 cents) per day; for persons 31 to 40 years of 
age the most frequent rates are from 1.76 to 4.00 lire (34.0 to 77.2 
cents) per day, and the same rates occur most frequently for persons 
over 40 years of age, though there is a tendency to a decrease in the 
ages over 60. For all mine workers the most frequent rates are from 
1.26 to 3.00 lire (24.3 to 57.9 cents) per day. 

The table for quarry workers shows that the higher wage rates 
occur more frequently than in the case of the mine workers. For 
persons 15 years of age or under the rates from 0.50 lira (9.7 cents) or 
under to 1.50 lire (29.0 cents) occur for over 80 per cent of the work- 
ers; for persons 16 years to 21 years of age the most frequent rates 
are from 1.26 to 4.00 lire (24.3 to 77.2 cents) per day; for persons 22 
years to 60 years or over there is a tendency for uniformity in rates, 
2.26 to 4.00 lire (43.6 to 77.2 cents) per day being the predominating 
rates. The same rates also predominate for all the quarry workers. 

The following table shows the distribution of the mine workers 
among the various occupations, as well as the number of days worked 
and the average wages : 

NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN MINING IN EACH OCCUPATION, AVERAGE DAYS 
WORKED, AND AVERAGE DAILY WAGES RECEIVED IN EACH OCCUPATION, 1905. 



Occupation. 



Average number of persons employed. 



Males. 



Under 
15 years 
of age 



15 years 
of age 
or over. 



Females. 



Under 

15 years 

of age 



15 years 
of age 
or over. 



Total. 



Aver- 
age 
number 
of days 
worked 



Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 



Workers below ground: 

Overseers, foremen, etc 

Pump men 

Engineers, firemen, etc 

Timbermen, etc 

Masons and helpers 

Miners, maintenance men, etc 

Miners, pick men, drill men 

Laborers, carrying boys, trammers . 

Engine tenders, brakemen, etc 

Sifters 

Miscellaneous 



37 



2,776 
•--- — 



Total. 



2,856 



Workers above ground: 

Overseers, foremen, watchmen, etc 

Engineers, firemen, pump men 

Machinists, lathe men, etc 

Blacksmiths, fitters, apprentices 

Masons and helpers 

Carpenters and apprentices 

Road men, etc 

Pick men, drill men 

Laborers, carrier boys, trammers, furnace 
men 



56 

28 
3 



19 

740 



862 

492 

95 

628 

1,527 

1,410 

15, 885 

10, 607 

1,494 

25 

684 



33, 709 



671 

652 

94 

651 

381 

289 

26 

1,710 

5,473 



862 

492 

95 

628 

1,564 

1,410 

15, 885 

13,391 

1,494 

25 

727 



36, 573 



13 133 



682 

660 

94 

707 

409 

292 

26 

1,729 

6,359 



313 
306 
323 
297 
314 
239 
266 
253 
268 
250 
281 



265 



342 
296 
283 
285 
277 
284 
287 
302 

261 



.66 
.33 
.55 
.52 
.37 
,43 
.52 
,32 
,43 
,37 
42 

44 



.54 
.52 
.69 
.49 
.48 
.55 
,39 
.71 

,36 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



65 



N UMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN MINING IN EACH OCCU PATION. AVERAGE DAYS 
WORKED, AND AVERAGE DAILY WAGES RECEIVED IN EACH OCCUPATION— 
Concluded. 



Occupation. 



Workers above ground— Continued. 
Engine tenders, brakemen, etc. , 

Sifters 

Screeners 

Washery workers 

Kiln men, etc 

Weigh men 

Miscellaneous 



Total. 



Workers below ground and workers above 
ground 



Average number of persons employed. 



Males. 



Under 
15 years 
of age. 



267 
6 
3 

1 



104 



1,237 



4,093 



15 years 

of age 

or over. 



843 
102 
202 

1.075 
31 

1,769 



14,857 



48, 566 



Females. 



Under 
15 years 
of age. 



15 years 
of age 
or over. 



160 



160 



146 
1 


890 
39 

89 








48 



1,208 



1,216 



Total. 



2,146 
147 
295 

1,076 
31 

1,921 



17, 462 



54,035 



Aver- 
age 
number 
of days 
worked. 



269 
280 
304 

278 
278 
327 
283 



277 



269 



Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 



43 
24 
33 
34 
43 
,52 
.43 



43 



43 



The largest number of workers was employed as miners, pick men, 
etc., and as laborers. The average number of days worked by both 
below ground and above ground workers was 269, with a slightly 
higher number for the above ground workers. 

The same data are given in the following table for the quarry 
workers : 

NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN QUARRIES IN EACH OCCUPATION, AVERAGE 
DAYS WORKED, AND AVERAGE DAILY WAGES RECEIVED IN EACH OCCUPA- 
TION, 1905. 





Average number of persons employed. 


Aver- 
age 
number 
of days 
worked. 




Occupation. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Aver- 
age 
daily 
wages. 




Under 
15 years 
of age. 


15 years 
of age 
or over. 


Under 

15 years 

of age. 


15 years 
of age 
or over. 


Superintendents, contractors 




659 

37 

21 

28 

64 

117 

33 

1,341 

4,169 

2,483 

287 

58 

1,878 

466 

58 

40 

650 






659 

37 

21 

28 

64 

124 

33 

1,341 

4,195 

2,597 

495 

58 

1,901 

487 

62 

40 

763 


249 
266 
275 
244 
253 
246 
263 
243 
233 
242 
243 
266 
239 
243 
240 
245 
209 


$0.81 


Foremen, bosses, etc 








.58 


Carpenters 








.56 


Masons 








.52 


Machinists . . 








.62 


Blacksmiths, etc 


7 






.58 


Firemen 






.44 


Miners 









.55 


Quarrymen 


26 
99 

208 






56 


Laborers 


4 


11 


.44 


Apprentices 


.25 


Clearers, diggers, etc 






.47 


Chiselers, squarers . 


23 
6 
4 






.61 


Carters, loaders, etc ■ 




15 


.49 


Stone breakers, etc 


.53 


Kiln men.. 






.36 


Miscellaneous 


71 


16 


26 


.49 






Total 


444 


12. 389 


20 


52 


12,905 


238 


.53 







The occupations in which the largest number of workers was 
engaged were miners, quarrymen, laborers, and chiselers, etc. The 
average number of days worked was 238, 
48310— S. Doc. 631, 61-2 5 



66 WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 

Salari ed Orari nei Lavori Edilizi, Stradali, Idraulici e di Bonified, 
1906. Ufficio del Lavoro, Ministero di Agricoltura, Industria e 
Commercio. 1907. Ill pp. 

Since October, 1905, the bureau of labor of the Italian department 
of agriculture, industry, and commerce has conducted monthly in- 
quiries into the amount, character, and conditions of labor performed 
upon the various kinds of construction and repair work carried on 
by or on behalf of the State. This information is collected through 
the offices of the government engineers charged with the direction of 
the work. 

The present report shows the wages and hours of labor of the 
different classes of employees for the year 1906. The volume com- 
prises three chapters of descriptive matter, followed by a detailed 
tabular presentation of the data gathered, the latter being arranged 
by occupations and localities. The first chapter contains a general 
account of the plan and scope of the inquiry and of the method 
employed in the collection of the information. The second chapter 
relates to wages and hours of labor in general and contains a table 
showing, by months and by localities, the usual length of the workday 
in a number of specified occupations. The third chapter is devoted 
to a consideration of the wages paid and working time most generally 
observed upon public works in each of the 16 principal subdivisions 
of the Kingdom. 

An appendix shows, for the same territorial groups, the aggregate 
days of work during each month of the year 1906, classified by char- 
acter of the enterprise and occupation of the persons employed. 

[From Bulletin 80, January, 1909, of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

La Donna nelV Industria Italiana. 1905. Ufficio del Lavoro, Minis- 
tero di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio. 59, 157 pp. 

This report, issued by the Bureau of Labor of the Italian Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce, relates to the employ- 
ment of women in industry. 

The present report, which bears a close relationship to a preceding 
one on maternity funds, consists of two parts, the first of which con- 
tains a text analysis and statistical summaries of the information 
presented, and the second part consists of detailed statistical tables. 

The material used in the preparation of this report was trans- 
mitted to the department by the prefects of the various provinces to 
whom employers of women and children are required to make annual 
returns in conformity with the law of June 19, 1902, regulating the 
employment of women and children. 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



67 



During the year ending June 30, 1904, returns were made by 
14,150 establishments. The number of males and females of various 
ages employed in these establishments, with the percentage of total 
employees found in each group, was as follows: 

NUMBER AND PER CENT OF MALES AND FEMALES EMPLOYED IN 14,150 ESTAB- 
LISHMENTS MAKING RETURNS DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1904, BY AGE 
GROUPS: 



Age. 



Under 12 years 

12 and under 15 years 
15 and under 21 years 
21 years and over 

Total 



Males. 



Number. 



4,379 

37,419 

79, 975 

293, 142 



414,915 



Per cent 
of total 

em- 
ployees. 



0.5 

4.5 

9.6 

35.4 



50.0 



Females. 



Number. 



12, 185 

69, 926 

151,506 

180, 619 



414, 236 



Per cent 
of total 

em- 
ployees. 



1.5 

8.5 

18.3 

21.7 



50.0 



Total. 



Number. 



16, 564 
107, 345 
231,481 
473, 761 



829, 151 



Per cent 
of total 
' em- 
ployees. 



2.0 
13.0 
27.9 
57.1 



100.0 



From the foregoing table it will be seen that in the establishments 
reporting 15 per cent of the employees were below the age of 15 
years. Of these one-third were males and two-thirds were females. 
Among the employees 15 and under 21 } 7 ears of age the ratio was 
9.6 males to 18.3 females. For employees 21 years of age and over 
the ratio was 35.4 males to 21.7 females. The number of males 
of all ages employed in these establishments was slightly in excess of 
the total number of females. 

In the textile industry, which furnished 49 per cent of the em- 
ployees reported, the number of persons of both sexes below the age 
of 15 years equaled 19.5 per cent of the total number of employees. 
The ratio between the two sexes was 2.2 males to 17.3 females. For 
the different age groups represented in the textile industry the pro- 
portion of males and females was as follows: Below 12 years, 0.2 
males to 2.7 females; 12 to 15 years, 2.0 males to 14.6 females; 15 to 
21 years, 4.1 males to 29.4 females; 21 years and over, 14.9 males to 
32.1 females; all ages, 21.2 males to 78.8 females. 

In the table which follows a classification is made, by industry and 
earning capacity, of 38,273 females below the age of 15 years em- 
ployed in 1,906 establishments on November 30, 1903, the percentage 
of such persons among all females employed being shown for each 
industry. 



68 



WAGES AND PRICES OP COMMODITIES. 



CLASSIFICATION, BY INDUSTRY AND EARNING CAPACITY, OF 38,273 FEMALES UNDER 
FIFTEEN YEARS OF AGE EMPLOYED AT GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS AND PER CENT 
OF TOTAL FEMALE EMPLOYEES REPORTING. 



Industry. 



Agriculture 

Extraction of minerals and manufacture ol 

mineral products 

Metal working and machine construction. . . 
Work in wood, straw, and similar materials. 

Chemical products 

Paper, printing, and publishing 

Textiles 

Clothing, hides, etc 

Food products 

Tobacco 

Other industries 

Total 



Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 



12 

56 

61 

39 

66 

195 

1,223 

160 

58 

16 

20 



1,906 



Female em- 
ployees under 
15 years of age. 



Num- 
ber. 



37 

210 
245 
231 
279 
568 
35,239 
780 
168 
283 
233 



38,273 



Per 
cent of 
total fe- 
male 
em- 
ployees 
report- 
ing. 



5.8 

11.1 
14.3 
12.9 

5.6 
11.0 
23.1 
12.0 
12.1 

2.2 
18.5 



20.0 



Per cent of females under 15 
years of age earning daily— 



50 cen- 

tesimi 

($0.0965) 

and less. 



16.2 

35.7 
53.9 
42.0 
44.8 
37.0 
34.0 
60.8 
40.5 
31.8 
52.4 



34.9 



51 to 75 

cen- 

tesimi 

($0.0984 

to 
$0.1448). 



81.1 

48.1 
29.8 
38.5 
36.2 
48.4 
49.5 
32.2 
44.1 
68.2 
40.8 



48.9 



76 to 100 

cen- 

tesimi 

($0.1467 

to 
$0.1930) 



2.7 

14.8 
14.3 
16.9 
17.6 
13.9 
14.0 
6.0 
,14.3 



6.8 



13.8 



101 cen- 
tesimi 

($0.1949) 

and 

more. 



1.4 
2.0 
2.6 
1.4 
.7 
2.5 
1.0 
1.1 



2.4 



Of the 38,273 female employees below the age of 15 years shown 
in the table it will be observed that nearly 35 per cent earned 50 
centesimi ($0.0965) and less per day. The number earning from 
51 centesimi ($0.0984) to 100 centesimi ($0.1930) per day constituted 
62.7 per cent of the total number, while the number of those whose 
earnings amounted to 101 centesimi ($0.1949) and more was 2.4 per 
cent of the total. 

The following table shows, with slight modifications, similar 
statistics for 197,482 females 15 years of age and over: 

CLASSIFICATION, BY INDUSTRY AND EARNING CAPACITY, OF 197,482 FEMALES 
15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AT GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS ON NO- 
VEMBER 30, 1903. 





Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


Fe- 
males 
15 years 
of age 

and 
over. 


Per cent of females 15 years of age 


and over 


earning daily— 


Industry. 


50 cen- 
tesimi 
($0.0965) 
and less. 


51 to 75 
cente- 
simi 
($0.0984 

to 
$0.1448). 


76 to 100 
cente- 
simi 
($0.1467 

to 
$0.1930). 


101 to 150 
cente- 
simi 
($0.1949 

to 
$0.2895). 


151 to 200 
cente- 
simi 
($0.2914 

to 
$0.3860). 


201 to 250 
cente- 
simi 
($0.3879 

to 
$0.4825). 


251 cen- 
tesimi 

($0.4844) 
and 
over. 


Agriculture 


25 

76 

100 

64 
88 

305 
1,758 

264 
91 
16 
22 


859 

1,860 

1,953 

2,188 
5,662 

5,835 
155, 150 
8,585 
1,691 
12,577 
1,122 


0.2 

2.5 

2.5 

4.0 
2.4 

5.7 
1.1 
5.5 
4.3 
.6 
6.4 


59.1 

22.9 

9.0 

11.4 
5.8 

19.8 
11.1 

8.7 

10.7 

.8 

9.5 


34.5 

33.0 

25.4 

34.7 
20.0 

27.8 
30.9 
19.3 
27.1 
.9 
9.6 


5.6 

29.7 

49.0 

39.9 
48.0 

36.2 
43.7 
37.1 
33.4 
12.7 
25.8 


0.6 

7.6 

10.5 

8.1 
20.3 

7.8 
10.0 
17.8 
21.5 
52.9 
28.3 






Extraction of min- 
erals and manu- 
facture of mineral 
products 


2.9 

2.9 

1.6 
3.0 

2.3 
2.4 
7.9 
2.8 
29.3 
13.0 


1.4 


Metal working and 
machine con- 
struction 


.7 


Work in wood, 
straw, and simi- 
lar materials 

Chemical products. . 

Paper, printing, 
and publishing... 

Textiles 


.3 
.5 

.4 
.8 


Clothing, hides, etc. 

Food products 

Tobacco 


3.7 

.2 
2.8 


Other industries 


7.4 


Total 


2,809 


197,482 


1.6 


10.7 


28.0 


40.7 


13.4 


4.5 


1.1 







WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



69 



From the returns submitted by 2,809 establishments a table was 
prepared which shows, by industries, the percentage of births occur- 
ring among 191,947 women employees of those establishments during 
the year ending November 30, 1903. In this table, which is repro- 
duced in part herewith, the actual number of women 15 and under 
55 years of age employed during the year has been replaced by the 
computed number of full-time workers required to do the same 
amount of work in the time specified. The latter, and not the actual 
number of employees, forms the basis of the computations. 

PERCENTAGE OF CHILDBIRTHS AMONG WORKING WOMEN IN VARIOUS INDUS- 
TRIES FOR THE YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1903. 



Industry. 



Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 



Working 
women consid- 
ered. 



Actual 
num- 
ber. 



Equiv- 
alent 
(com- 
puted) 
num- 
ber of 
full- 
time 
work- 
ers. 



Per 
cent of 
mar- 
ried 
women 
in com- 
puted 
num- 
ber of 
full- 
time 
work- 
ers. 



Childbirths per 100 full-time 
workers. 



15 to 20 
years of 



20 to 35 

years of 

age. 



35 to 55 

years of 

age. 



Of all 
ages. 



Agriculture 

Extraction of minerals and manu- 
facture of mineral products 

Metal working and machine con- 
struction 

Work in wood, straw, and similar 
materials 

Chemical products 

Paper, printing, and publishing 

Textiles 

Clothing, hides, etc 

Food products 

Tobacco 

Other industries 

Total 



25 

76 

100 

64 
88 

305 
1,758 

264 
91 
16 
22 



836 

1,806 

1,938 

2,162 
5,565 
5,568 
152, 225 
8,481 
1,658 
10,632 
1,076 



555 

1,531 

1,540 

1,792 

5,017 

4,729 

137, 416 

6,925 

1,289 

10, 466 

909 



34.8 

21.3 

21.6 

28.8 
42.9 
33.6 
24.0 
29.9 
34.6 
59.4 
59.0 



0.6 
.2 
.2 



.7 
.5 
.2 
.6 
.4 
3.3 



11.9 

4.4 

8.3 

9.3 
12.6 
8.4 
7.5 
9.7 
6.0 
17.6 
8.2 



5.1 

1.3 

1.4 

1.1 
5.1 
3.1 
2.9 
4.0 
1.1 
5.1 
2.8 



7.4 

2.1 

4.4 

4.7 
7.8 
4.5 
3.8 
5.6 
3.3 
10.4 
5.3 



2,809 



191,947 



172, 149 



27.5 



.3 



8.4 



3.4 



4.5 



L' Industria dei Fiammiferi Fosforici in Italia e la Lotta contro il 
Fosforismo. 1905. Ufficio del Lavoro, Ministero di Agricoltura, 
Industria e Commercio. 44 pp. 

This report relates to the match industry of Italy and was com- 
piled primarily for the use of the Italian delegates to the international 
conference for the legal protection of working people, held in Berne, 
Switzerland, May 8 to 18, 1905. 

The volume comprises two parts. In the first part is given a his- 
tory of the match industry in Italy from the introduction of the 
lucifer match, about 1830, to the present time. This is followed by 
tables showing the total production, importation, exportation, and 
consumption of the several kinds of matches for the years 1896-97 to 
1903-4. Figures are also presented showing, by years, the quantity 
of wood splints and of phosphorus imported into the Kingdom during 
the period from 1888 to 1904 



70 WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 

A chapter on employees and conditions of labor shows, by Prov- 
inces, the number of match factories in operation during the year 
1903-4, the days of operation, the hours of labor per day, and the 
average wages paid. Of 60 establishments for which the number of 
days of operation in 1904 was reported, 18 factories, employing 909 
persons, worked 300 days and more; 25 factories, with 3,410 employ- 
ees, worked from 280 to 298 days; and 17 factories, having 429 
employees, were in operation 275 days and less. 

The number of hours of labor per day was reported for 73 estab- 
lishments. In 49 of these, in which were employed 5,058 persons, or 
nearly 94 per cent of all persons employed in the industry, the daily 
working time ranged from 10 to 11 hours. In one factory, with 10 
employees, the hours were 11 J per day, while in 4 factories, with 34 
employees, a maximum of 12 hours per day was reported. The num- 
ber of establishments in which the daily working hours were 9^ and 
less was 19, with 282 employees. A detailed tabular statement shows 
for the different Provinces the average daily wages paid male and 
female employees belonging to various age groups. 

The second part of the report is devoted to a discussion of the 
harmful effects upon the health of the working people which result 
from the inhalation of phosphorus fumes during the various processes 
employed in the manufacture of matches. A bibliography of works 
relating to the subject of phosphorus poisoning and other trade dis- 
eases is given, as are also certain statistics concerning the match indus- 
try of various countries. This is followed by a brief description of 
the materials which enter into the composition used in the manufac- 
ture of matches in the different countries and of the legislative meas- 
ures taken for the protection of the working people in this industry. 

Among the provisions suggested for lessening the evils of phos- 
phorus poisoning are the following: 

1 . The forbidding of children and minor females to be employed at 
preparing the paste, dipping the heads, working in the exsiccators, or 
filling boxes and making up first packages. 

2. A limitation of the hours of labor. 

3. The complete isolation of the rooms in which the more unhealthy 
operations are carried on, in order that the toxic gases may not 
invade the other parts of the building. 

4. The provision of larger workrooms, in order to obtain a greater 
supply of respirable air with a minimum percentage of vapor or 
irrespirable gas. 

5. The procuring of a thorough artificial ventilation of workrooms. 

6. The prescribing of a maximum limit of 38° C. (100° F.) of 
temperature in the exsiccators, in order to prevent an excessive evap- 
oration of phosphorus. 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 71 

7. The daily cleaning of the floors, machines, and crucibles in which 
the chemical operations are performed, with renewal of the paint on 
walls every six months. 

8. The furnishing of working clothes to employees, with the obli- 
gation that they change their garments in dressing rooms amply pro- 
vided with facilities for washing the hands and face. 

9. The prescribing of a maximum limit for the percentage of yel- 
low phosphorus employed in the preparation of the paste for match 
heads. 

10. The diffusion of vapors of turpentine through atmosphere 
charged with considerable quantities of phosphorus gas. 

1 1 . A requirement that empk^ees rinse the mouth with dentifrice 
or a solution of permanganate of potash, furnished at the expense of 
the proprietor of the establishment. 

12. A requirement that upon the opening of all new plants or 
modifications of existing establishments, the new features, or such as 
are departures from the practices hitherto existing, be subjected to 
the examination of the inspector of industry, to whom is conceded 
the right to make suggestions and impose regulations with regard to 
hygienic conditions. 

13. Periodic medical visits to employees, with the obligation upon 
empk^ers not to put at work persons predisposed to phosphorus 
poisoning or dental caries, and to remove sick persons. 

14. A requirement that physicians report cases of necrosis and of 
phosphorus poisoning. 

15. The provision of security against fire. 

16. The provision of security against accidents. 

The substitution of red or amorphous phosphorus for the variety 
in common use is also recommended. 

The report concludes with a statement of what has been accom- 
plished in the way of curtailing the use of yellow phosphorus in 
other countries and of the probable effects which would follow the 
prohibition of its employment in Italian industries. An appendix 
contains a brief summary of the proceedings of the international con- 
ference for the protection of workingmen, held in Berne, Switzerland, 
May 8 to 18, 1905. 

[From Bulletin 87, March, 1910 of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

Supplemental to the Statistical Data for the Community of Milan 
for the year 1908, there has recently been published a special sta- 
tistical report on prices. ( a ) This report gives the prices in the Milan 
market for wheat from 1700 to 1908, and for bread, wine, beef, pork, 
butter, and rice from 1801 to 1908. The cost is also given of making 

a Statistica dei Prezzi del frumento del pane, del vino, delle carni del burro e del 
riso, in Milano. Milan, 1909. 



72 WAGES AND PKICES OF COMMODITIES. 

bread; that is, the difference is shown between the cost of a kilogram 
of wheat and of a kilogram of bread. 

These prices were obtained from compilations of market prices from 
the records of the city accounting office. The report does not state 
whether the prices are wholesale or retail, but since the quotations for 
wheat and rice are given by the quintal (220.46 pounds) and those 
for wine are given by the hectoliter (26.417 gallons), they may be 
considered as wholesale. The prices of bread, beef, pork, and but- 
ter are quoted by the kilogram (2.2 pounds). For the present pur- 
pose the quotations have been converted into American money at 
the rate of 19.3 cents per lira, using the standards in common use, 
viz, for wheat, the bushel; for bread, beef, pork, and butter, the 
pound; for rice, 100 pounds; and for wine, the gallon. 

The first section of the report contains the average annual prices 
obtained from the market records. The second section contains the 
average prices for five-year periods from 1801 to 1905 and for each 
of the years 1906 to 1908. From these prices index figures have been 
computed, showing their course through the various periods, using 
the average of the five-year period 1801 to 1805 as the base or 100. 

Since figures of so remote a period as 1801 to 1805 might be con- 
sidered as of little value when used as a base, other index figures have 
been computed in a similar manner, using the period 1861 to 1865 as 
a base or 100. 

In discussing the first section the reader is reminded that all the 
elements are not present for a complete comparison of present day 
conditions with those of earlier times. For example, it is stated, no 
one would be willing to believe that life was easier for the consumer in 
1723 than in 1908, wholly because the price of wheat was only 48 
cents per bushel at the earlier date and $1.54 per bushel at the latter 
date, nor that life was easier in 1801 because beef cost 7 i cents and 
pork 10 \ cents, while in 1908 the price of beef was 14 \ and of pork 20 J 
cents per pound. 

It may be assumed, independently of all considerations concerning 
the different value of money, that the population could easily find 
itself in great need during the eighteenth century, when the price of 
wheat would increase 30 or 40 per cent from one year to the next, and 
sometimes doubled in two or three years. Wheat, in 1732, cost 58 
cents; in 1734 it had increased to $1.25; again in 1791 the price was 
90 cents, and in 1795 it reached $1.49. The causes which influenced 
the variations were not only the deficiency of the crop, but war, 
epidemic, and the difficulty of transportation. The insufficient 
understanding of economic laws not only reduced production, but 
also interfered with the formation of reserves, so that the country 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. ?3 

passed precipitately from a low price to a very high one, which would 
suddenly press very heavily upon the population. 

In recent times, on the other hand, prices vary more gradually, so 
that two or three years of short crops must occur before the prices 
rise excessively through an exhaustion of surpluses formed in the 
preceding years. The most stormy period was that from 1799 to 
the end of the Napoleonic empire. In 1799 wheat was $1.59; in 
1800, $2.42; in 1801, $2.72; in 1802, $2.06; in 1815, $2.23; then in 
1816 and 1817 there was dearth and pestilence (1816, price $2.56; 
1817, price $2.28). Never until then or since then were prices as 
high as in these years. 

The relative prices for the five-year periods make it easier to review 
the general tendency of prices throughout the different periods. The 
period 1861 to 1865 was taken as a starting point, and the price dur- 
ing that period for all the given articles of consumption was taken as 
100. The average prices for the successive periods are signified as 
105, 110, or 90, 95, according to whether they increase 5 or 10 per cent 
or decrease 10 or 5 per cent in comparison with the price of 1861 to 
1865. It may be noticed that the price of butter and of meats, with 
the exception of a few slight changes, has had a constant tendency to 
increase. This is especially true in the price of pork, which in two 
five-year periods rose to 146, and after having declined to 131 has 
continually risen to 169 in 1908. For beef we have the price of 137, 
a little later it comes down to 126, and subsequently rises to 145. 
The price of butter in 1876 to 1880 reaches 142, declines to 114, only 
to rise to 150 in 1908. 

The changes in the price of rice are not so noticeable. It fluctuates 
about 100, sometimes rising to 110, declining a little under 100, and 
then rising to 114, the highest average price for the five-year period 
1896 to 1900. 

The price of wine presents very strong fluctuations. After oscil- 
lating between 90 and 100 (1866 to 1870) it rises to 136 (1886 to 
1890), because vineyards were devastated by the phylloxera, and 
then descends to below 100, rises again to 108 in 1906, and falls to 80 
in 1907 and 1908 because of the abundance of the harvest. 

Most interesting are the comparisons for wheat and bread. The 
variations in their prices present on the whole a nearly parallel 
course; but occasionally we observe deviations. In the five-year 
period 1871 to 1875 the prices rise rapidly and proportionately, 
almost in the same degree. Thus we find the price of wheat to be 
133.2 and that of bread 130.8, with that of bread being 2.4 per 
cent the lower. But later the first declines rapidly to 98.7, then to 
90.1, and to 86.3, while the corresponding price of bread is respec- 



74 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



tively 108.9, 106.5, and 103.5, so that we have a difference of 10, 16, 
and 17 in favor of the higher cost of bread. But in the quinquennial 
period 1901 to 1905 the difference declines very much (wheat stand- 
ing at 97.5, bread at 102), and again in 1908 we find that the price 
of bread is only 109.4, while that of wheat rises to 111. 

This difference in prices is not surprising when we consider that 
the price of bread, besides reflecting the variations due to the higher 
cost of labor and to the higher or lower cost of various materials 
used in transforming flour into bread, represents also the differences 
in the transformation of wheat into flour depending upon the tech- 
nical standard of that industry, the application (in 1868) and the 
abolition (in 1884) of the grinding tax, and the consumption tax 
upon cereal products (abolished in Milan in 1898). A cause not to 
be neglected, which also accounts for the difference in the prices of 
wheat as compared with those of bread, may be found in the fact 
that since 1898 the determination of the selling price of bread 
devolves upon the municipal authorities, which not seldom, in years 
of excessive rise in the price of grain, enter into agreement with 
the bakers not to increase the price of bread, proportionately com- 
pensating them for it, either in money or by conceding the right not 
to reduce the price of bread later. 

The proportional variations in the successive five-year periods are 
given in a diagram, using the average of the prices for the five-year 
period 1801 to 1805 as 100. The variations of the lines show an 
increasing divergence; but it is necessary to state that the quin- 
quennial period taken for a basis is not normal for bread and wheat, 
because it includes the period of the wars of the consulate and of the 
Italian Kingdom. As has already been stated, the price of wheat 
in 1801 rose to $2.72, a most exceptional price, which has never been 
reached since. 

Among the periods nearer the present may be observed the one of 
1871 to 1875 in which, more than in any successive period, we may 
find a contemporaneous increase in prices. In fact, we have prices 
as follows: 



AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM YEARLY PRICES, 1871 TO 1875. 





Wheat 
(bushel). 


Bread 
(pound). 


Wine 
(gallon). 


Beef 
(pound). 


Pork 
(pound). 


Butter 
(pound). 


Rice (100 
pounds). 


Average, 1871-1875 


$1.85 
2.11 


$0,046 
.051 


$0. 410 
.575 


$0. 135 
.153 


$0. 178 
.200 


$0. 241 
.269 


$3.72 


Maximum, 1871-1875 


3.94 







Later we see higher prices for various articles, but they do not 
occur simultaneously. Since 1874 wheat and bread have never 
exceeded the price of that year. 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



75 



It was the wish of the office compiling the data to obtain other 
factors which would serve to make the statistics more complete, as, 
for instance, to include the price of cattle in order to show its relation 
to the price of meat. But such data were available only for relatively 
recent times. It would have been still better to have been able 
to give the data concerning wages, at least for a few of the main 
wage-working classes; but only incomplete data of little significance 
could have been obtained. For example, in the building trades, 
the daily wage of a bricklayer in 1887 was 50 cents; in 1901, 69 
cents; and in 1907, 83 cents. The daily wage of a bricklayer's 
helper in 1887 was 23 cents; in 1901, 29 cents; and in 1907, 39 cents. 

In the printing trade, comparing the piece wages of compositors 
working on the most ordinary sized type for 1,000 ems, the rate in 
1892 was 16.6 cents; in 1901, 18.5 cents; and in 1907, 22.4 cents. 
In the same trade, the daily wage was in the beginning of 1880, 
65 cents; later in the same year, 69 cents; in 1901, 83 cents; and in 
1907, $1. 

A baker's average wage, including the cost of subsistence, was: 
In 1865, 34 cents; in 1884, 65 cents; and in 1901 to 1908,77 cents 
per day. In 1908, when the Sunday rest was granted and night work 
abolished, in consequence of which the number of workmen was 
increased the daily wage was returned to 65 cents; it is necessary to 
add, however, that this was only nominally the rate at the end of 1889. 

RELATIVE WAGES OF BRICKLAYERS, BRICKLAYERS' HELPERS, PRINTERS, AND 

BAKERS. 



Year. 


Brick- 
layers. 


Brick- 
layers' 
helpers. 


Printers. 


Bakers. 


Piecework. 


Time work. 


1805 










100.00 


1880 








100.00 




1884 








193. 10 


1887 


100. 00 


100. 00 








1892 


100.00 
111. 63 
134. 88 






1901 


138. 45 
1G5.38 


128. 20 
170. 94 


128. 95 
155. 22 


229. 88 


1907 


229. 88 







76 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



The tables follow, those presenting the averages for the single years 
first and those presenting the figures for five-year periods later 

AVERAGE YEARLY PRICES OF WHEAT, 1700 TO 1800. 



Year. 


Aver- 
age 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Year. 


Aver- 
age 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Year. 


Aver- 
age 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Year. 


Aver- 
age 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Year. 


Aver- 
age 
price 
per 
bushel. 


1700 

1701 

1702 

1703 

1704 

1705 

1706 

1707 

1708 

1709 

1710 

1711 

1712 

1713 

1714 

1715 

1716 

1717 

1718 

1719 

1720 


$0.65 
.78 
.88 
.78 
.73 
.78 
.92 
1.02 
1.05 
1.23 
1.07 
.81 
.75 
.81 
.86 
.78 
.77 
.77 
.77 
.69 
.60 


1721 

1722 

1723 

1724 

1725 

1726 
1727 
1728 

1729 

1730 

1731 

1732 

1733 

1734 
1735 

1736 

1737 

1738 

1739 
1740 


$0.61 
.54 
.48 
.42 
.51 
.63 
.64 
.66 
.70 
.65 
.59 
.58 
.81 
1.25 
1.17 
.91 
.67 
.61 
.67 
.80 


1741 

1742 

1743 

1744 

1745 

1746 
1747 

1748 

1749 

1750 

1751 •. 

1752 

1753 

1754 

1755 

1756 

1757 

1758 
1759 
1760 


$0.81 
.84 
.84 
.81 
.79 
.98 
1.04 
1.14 
.91 
.90 
.97 
1.03 
.86 
.77 
.81 
.91 
.90 
.80 
.82 
.80 


1761 
1762 
1763 

1764 

1765 
1766 

1767 

1768 

1769 

1770 

1771 

1772 

1773 

1774 

1775 

1776 

1777 

1778 

1779 

1780 


$0.73 

.63 

.64 

.81 

.91 

1.00 

1.09 

1.00 

.89 

.91 

1.04 

1.13 

1.36 

1.35 

1.31 

.91 

1.07 

1.33 

1.17 

.94 


1781 

1782 

1783 

1784 

1785 
1786 

1787 

1788 

1789 

1790 

1791 

1792 

1793 

1794 

1795 

1796 

1797 

1798 

1799 

1800 


$0.96 
1.21 
1.30 
1.25 
1.13 
1.08 
1.48 
1.16 
1.07 
1.13 
.90 
1.05 
1.40 
1.42 
1.49 
1.40 
1.38 
1.38 
1.59 
2.42 



AVERAGE YEARLY PRICES OF WHEAT, BREAD, WINE, BEEF, PORK, BUTTER, AND 

RICE, 1801 TO 1908. 



Year. 

* 


Wheat 

(per 
bushel). 


Bread (per 


Bread 


Wine (per 


Beef (per 


Pork (per 


Butter 

(per 
pound). 


Rice (per 

100 
pounds). 


pound). 


making.^ 


gallon). 


pound). 


pound). 


1801.... 


$2.72 


$0,052 


$0. 006 


$0. 418 


$0. 075 


$0. 104 


$0. 145 


$4.68 


1802.... 


2.06 


.036 


.002 


.256 


.078 


.095 


.155 


3.48 


1803.... 


1.79 


.032 


.003 


.170 


.074 


.100 


.147 


2.97 


1804. . . . 


1.70 


.032 


.004 


.132 


.074 


.100 


.138 


3.03 


1805. . . . 


1.77 


.035 


.005 


.168 


.074 


.092 


.130 


3.09 


1806. ; . . 


1.64 


.032 


.004 


.183 


.070 


.088 


.130 


3.13 


1807.... 


1.19 


.025 


.005 


.234 


.072 


.068 


.130 


2.37 


1808. . . . 


1.02 


.022 


.005 


.194 


.072 


.068 


.145 


2.38 


1809.... 


.99 


.022 


.005 


.185 


.072 


.068 


.137 


2.36 


1810.... 


1.42 


.032 


.008 


.298 


.075 


.067 


.151 


3.17 


1811.... 


2.03 


.039 


.004 


.384 


.075 


.074 


.134 


4.46 


1812.... 


1.82 


.032 


.001 


.341 


.080 


.100 


.179 


3.89 


1813.... 


1.38 


.028 


.005 


.272 


.082 


.095 


.131 


3.47 


1814. . . . 


1.45 


.032 


.007 


.320 


.081 


.081 


.130 


3.68 


1815.... 


2.11 


.046 


.011 


.382 


.082 


.094 


.124 


4.84 


1816.... 


2.56 


.053 


.011 


.348 


.078 


.104 


.119 


5.36 


1817.... 


2.28 


.050 


.012 


.330 


.078 


.116 


.147 


5.38 


1818. . . . 


1.30 


.025 


.004 


.315 


.068 


.119 


.122 


3.11 


1819.... 


1.08 


.028 


.010 


.192 


.082 


.119 


.136 


2.73 


1820. . . . 


1.12 


.030 


.011 


.242 


.072 


.116 


.133 


2.59 


1821.... 


1.21 


.027 


.007 


.251 


.075 


.116 


.144 


2.83 


1822. . . . 


1.07 


.027 


.010 


.266 


.073 


.116 


.146 


2.81 


1823. . . . 


1.00 


.024 


.006 


.270 


.067 


.116 


.137 


3.16 


1824. . . . 


.92 


.024 


.008 


.216 


.067 


.104 


.132 


2.96 


1825. . . . 


.85 


.025 


.011 


.232 


.067 


.100 


.125 


2.94 


1826.... 


.95 


.025 


.009 


.240 


.061 


.095 


.125 


2.97 


1827. . . . 


1.33 


.032 


.010 


.208 


.065 


.088 


.130 


3.55 


1828. . . . 


1.36 


.032 


.010 


.252 


.065 


.097 


.135 


3.64 


1829.... 


1.41 


.032 


.009 


.228 


.084 


.109 


.138 


3.51 


1830. . . . 


1.31 


.032 


.010 


.135 


.068 


.117 


.168 


3.41 


1831.... 


1.42 


.034 


.011 


.151 


.067 


.118 


.160 


3.35 


1832. . . . 


1.37 


.032 


.010 


.143 


.072 


.114 


.158 


3.56 


1833.... 


1.37 


.032 


.009 


.141 


.068 


.095 


.157 


3.56 


1834.... 


1.19 


.029 


.009 


.154 


.067 


.095 


.176 


3.45 


1835. . . . 


1.02 


.025 


.009 


.209 


.075 


.095 


.166 


3.11 


1836.... 


1.30 


.031 


.009 


.192 


.081 


.095 


.162 


3.54 


1837.... 


1.45 


.032 


.007 


.192 


.079 


.109 


.159 


2.56 


1838. . . . 


1.36 


.032 


.010 


.214 


.079 


.109 


.162 


3.55 


1839.... 


1.43 


.034 


.011 


.214 


.080 


.121 


.181 


3.58 



a Difference between price of 1 pound of wheat and 1 pound of bread. 



WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 



77 



AVERAGE YEARLY PRICES OF WHEAT, BREAD, WINE, BEEF, PORK, BUTTER AND 

RICE, 1801 TO 1908— Concluded. 



Year. 


Wheat 

(per 
bushel). 


Bread (per 


Bread 


Wine (per 


Beef (per 


Pork (per 


Butter 

(per 
pound). 


Rice (per 

100 
pounds). 


pound). 


making. 


gallon). 


pound). 


pound). 


1840.... 


$1.44 


$0,034 


$0,011 


$0. 214 


$0. 082 


$0. 121 


$0,183 


$3.80 


1841.... 


1.37 


.032 


.010 


.214 


.081 


.121 


.175 


3.26 


1842.... 


1.32 


.032 


.010 


.214 


.081 


.121 


.177 


2.86 


1843.... 


1.36 


.032 


.009 


.214 


.082 


.121 


.173 


3.51 


1844.... 


1.34 


.030 


.008 


.214 


.079 


.121 


.172 


3.68 


1845. . . . 


1.22 


.030 


.010 


.214 


.083 


.121 


.169 


3.79 


1846... . 


1.42 


.032 


.009 


.214 


.081 


.122 


.182 


4.07 


1847.... 


1.83 


.042 


.011 


.214 


.081 


.122 


.173 


4.41 


1848.... 


1.61 


.039 


.011 


.217 


.080 


.129 


.160 


3.57 


1849.... 


1.49 


.034 


.010 


.227 


.083 


.124 


.176 


3.51 


1850.... 


1.17 


.029 


.010 


.225 


.086 


.123 


.173 


3.26 


1851.... 


1.22 


.025 


.008 


.236 


.085 


.112 


.155 


3.15 


1852.... 


1.31 


.031 


.009 


.289 


.086 


.109 


.166 


3.56 


1853.... 


1.61 


.037 


.010 


.337 


.086 


.115 


.172 


3.69 


1854. . . . 


2.01 


.044 


.011 


.617 


.087 


.137 


.177 


4.45 


1855.... 


1.73 


.039 


.011 


.673 


.087 


.140 


.185 


3.89 


1856.... 


1.86 


.042 


.011 


.626 


.088 


.131 


.188 


3.81 


1857.... 


1.67 


.039 


.011 


.418 


.088 


.131 


.188 


3.63 


1858.... 


1.20 


.030 


.010 


.339 


.088 


.124 


.189 


3.27 


1859.... 


1.30 


.032 


.010 


.462 


.085 


.116 


.190 


3.39 


I860.... 


1.42 


.034 


.011 


.452 


.088 


.125 


.184 


3.26 


1861.... 


1.56 


.039 


.012 


.444 


.096 


.116 


.178 


3.34 


1862.... 


1.54 


.037 


.011 


.508 


.093 


.123 


.190 


3.22 


1863.... 


1.37 


.035 


.012 


.413 


.104 


.119 


.183 


3.07 


1864.... 


1.30 


.034 


.012 


.413 


.100 


.125 


.179 


3.29 


1865. . . . 


1.16 


.032 


.012 


.350 


.101 


.125 


.175 


3.26 


1866. . . . 


1.39 


.036 


.013 


.339 


.101 


.119 


.175 


3.55 


1867.... 


1.67 


.040 


.012 


.462 


.104 


.131 


.168 


3.72 


1868. . . . 


1.79 


.044 


.014 


.420 


.109 


.151 


.200 


3.66 


1869.... 


1.38 


.039 


.016 


.357 


.111 


.166 


.210 


3.30 


1870.... 


1.49 


.039 


.015 


.349 


.115 


* .155 


.214 


2.82 


1871.... 


1.69 


.043 


.015' 


.318 


.116 


.156 


.212 


3.34 


1872.... 


1.93 


.047 


.015 


.267 


.125 


.166 


.245 


3.86 


1873.... 


2.02 


.049 


.016 


.568 


.153 


.199 


.241 


3.87 


1874. . . . 


2.11 


.051 


.016 


.575 


.149 


.200 


.239 


3.94 


1875. . . . 


1.49 


.039 


.015 


.320 


.132 


.168 


.269 


3.58 


1876.... 


1.57 


.043 


.018 


.338 


.132 


.166 


.258 


3.66 


1877.... 


1.78 


.046 


.018 


.453 


.132 


.178 


.253 


3.65 


1878.... 


1.69 


.046 


.018 


.477 


.135 


.185 


.249 


3.53 


1879.... 


1.66 


.045 


.017 


.470 


.135 


.178 


.250 


3.51 


1880.... 


1.76 


.046 


.017 


.439 


.134 


.185 


.273 


3.48 


1881.... 


1.55 


.041 


.015 


.437 


.130 


.189 


.253 


3.05 


1882.... 


1.48 


.040 


.016 


.415 


.118 


.166 


.235 


2.99 


1883.... 


1.37 


.039 


.016 


.375 


.118 


.179 


.241 


3.10 


1884.... 


1.24 


.036 


.015 


.431 


.125 


.172 


.216 


3.39 


1885. . . . 


1.20 


.036 


.016 


.466 


.131 


.179 


.212 


3.03 


1886.... 


1.20 


.036 


.016 


.590 


.130 


.178 


.205 


3.04 


1887.... 


1.22 


.037 


.017 


.618 


.123 


.179 


.209 


3.21 


1888.... 


1.25 


.037 


.016 


.649 


.123 


.166 


.196 


3.44 


1889.... 


1.30 


.039 


.018 


.539 


.123 


.166 


.214 


3.74 


1890.... 


1.28 


.039 


.018 


.507 


.128 


.166 


.207 


3.56 


1891 .... 


1.38 


.041 


.018 


.476 


.131 


.166 


.206 


3.92 


1892.... 


1.39 


.038 


.015 


.475 


.131 


.166 


.221 


3.63 


1893.... 


1.13 


.035 


.017 


.458 


.131 


.166 


.217 


3.37 


1894. . . . 


.99 


.034 


.018 


.328 


.131 


.166 


.196 


3.35 


1895. . . . 


1.15 


.034 


.015 


.347 


.140 


.166 


.196 


3.37 


1896. . . . 


1.24 


.036 


.015 


.372 


.149 


.166 


.202 


3.64 


1897.... 


1.37 


.039 


.016 


.396 


.140 


.158 


.191 


4.29 


1898.... 


1.46 


.038 


.013 


.402 


.140 


.158 


.210 


3.73 


1899.... 


1.33 


.035 


.013 


.368 


.135 


.158 


.214 


3.50 


1900. . . . 


1.34 


.035 


.012 


.402 


.131 


.158 


.218 


3.35 


1901.... 


1.40 


.037 


.013 


.340 


.131 


.153 


.242 


3.32 


1902.... 


1.36 


.036 


.013 


.343 


.158 


.169 


.211 


3.49 


1903.... 


1.29 


.035 


.013 


.402 


.151 


.165 


.199 


3.57 


1904.... 


1.30 


.035 


.013 


.402 


.140 


.158 


.206 


3.43 


1905.... 


1.40 


.037 


.013 


.479 


.119 


.175 


.220 


3.43 


1906.... 


1.36 


.038 


.015 


.460 


.123 


.179 


.214 


3.48 


1907.... 


1.37 


.038 


.015 


.340 


.136 


.206 


.228 


3.46 


1908.... 


1.54 


.039 


.013 


.340 


.144 


.206 


.271 


3.61 



78 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



AVERAGE PRICES OF WHEAT, BREAD, WINE, BEEF, PORK, BUTTER, AND RICE FOR 
EACH QUINQUENNIAL PERIOD, 1801 TO 1905, AND FOR 1906 TO 1908. 



Quinquennial period. 



Wheat 

(per 
bushel). 



Bread 

(per 

pound). 



Wine 

(per 

gallon). 



Beef 

(per 

pound). 



Pork 

(per 

pound). 



Butter 

(per 
pound). 



Rice 
(per 100 
pounds). 



1801-1805 

1806-1810 

1811-1815 

1816-1820 

1821-1825 

1826-1830 

1831-1835 

1836-1840 

1841-1845 

1846-1850 

1851-1855 

1856-1860 

1861-1865 

1866-1870 

1871-1875 

1876-1880 

1881-1885 

1886-1890 

1891-1895 

1896-1900 

1901-1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

~_ 0. 



$2.01 
1.16 
1.76 
1.67 
1.01 

1.27 
1.27 
1.39 
1.32 
1.50 

1.55 
1.49 
1.39 
1.55 
1.85 

1.69 
1.37 
1.25 

1:20 

1.35 

1.35 

1.36 
1.37 
1.54 



.037 
.026 
.035 
.037 
.025 

.030 
.030 
.033 
.031 
.035 

.035 
.035 
.035 
.040 
.046 

.045 
.038 
.037 
.036 
.036 

,036 
,038 
,038 
039 



.229 
.219 
.340 

.285 
.247 

.212 
.160 
.205 
.214 
,219 

.430 
.459 
.426 
.385 
,410 

,435 

.425 
.580 
.417 
,388 

.393 
.460 
340 
340 



074 
,072 

081 
,075 

070 

068 
.070 
.080 
081 
082 

086 
,088 
.099 
,108 

135 

134 
124 
,125 
133 
139 

140 
123 
136 
144 



,098 
,072 
088 
,115 
,110 

.101 
.103 
.111 
.121 
.123 

.123 
.126 
.122 
.144 
,178 

.179 
.177 
.171 
.166 
.159 

.164 
,179 
206 
.206 



.143 
.138 
.140 
.131 
.137 

.139 
,164 
.170 
.173 
.173 

.171 
.188 
.181 
.193 
,241 

.256 
.231 
.207 
.207 
207 

.215 
.214 
.228 
.271 



$3.45 
2.68 
4.07 
3.83 
2.94 

3.42 
3.41 
3.40 
3.42 
3.76 

3.75 
3.47 
3.23 
3.41 
3.72 

3.56 
3.11 



3.46 
3.61 



AVERAGE RELATIVE PRICES OF WHEAT, BREAD, WINE, BEEF, PORK, BUTTER, 
AND RICE FOR EACH QUINQUENNIAL PERIOD, 1801 TO 1905, AND FOR 1906 TO 1908. 

(Average prices 1801 to 1805=100.0.) 



Quinquennial period. 


Wheat. 


Bread. 


Wine. 


Beef. 


Pork. 


Butter. 


Rice. 


1801-1805 


100. 00 
62.26 
87.52 
82.98 
50.20 

63.25 
63.42 
69.43 
65.84 
74.81 

76.91 
74.23 
69.02 
76.95 
91.96 

84.22 
68.11 
62.19 
59.59 
67.22 

67.31 

67.67 
67.95 
76.63 


100. 00 
70.89 
94.36 

100. 00 
68. 07 

81.69 
81.69 
87.32 
83.10 
94.36 

94.36 

94.36 

94.36 

106. 10 

123, 47 

121. 59 

102. 82 
]00. 47 

97.65 
97.65 

96.24 
100. 94 
100. 94 

103. 29 


100. 00 
95.49 
148. 42 
124. 68 
107. 92 

92.81 
69.75 
89.65 
93.51 
95.85 

188. 02 
200. 60 
185. 94 

168. 34 
178. 98 

191. 15 
185. 56 
253. 62 
182. 17 

169. 46 

171. 79 
200. 98 

148. 51 
148. 51 


100. 00 

96.46 

108. 23 

101. 17 

94.11 

91.76 

94.11 

107. 05 

109. 41 

110. 58 

115. 29 
117. 64 
132. 93 
144. 70 
181. 16 

180. 00 

167. 05 

168. 23 
178. 81 

187. 05 

188. 22 
164. 70 
182. 34 
192. 93 


100. 00 
73.21 
90.18 

116. 96 

112. 50 

102. 68 
105. 36 

113. 39 
123. 21 
125. 89 

125. 00 
128. 57 
124. 11 
147. 32 
181. 25 

182. 14 
180. 35 
174. 11 
169. 64 
162. 50 

166. 96 
183. 03 
209. 82 
209. 82 


100. 00 
96.93 
98.16 
92.02 
95. 70 

97.54 
114. 72 
119. 02 
121. 47 
121. 47 

119. 63 
131. 90 
127. 00 
135. 58 
168. 71 

179. 75 
161. 96 

144. 78 

145. 40 
145. 40 

150. 92 
150. 31 
159. 51 
190. 18 


100. 00 


1806-1810 


77.71 


1811-1815 


117. 90 


1816-1820 


111.13 


1821-1825 


85.29 


1826-1830 


99.06 


1831-1835 


98.75 


1836-1840 


98.65 


1841-1845 


99.16 


1846-1850 


109. 08 


1851-1855 


108. 60 


1856-1860 


100. 63 


1861-1865 


93.76 


1866-1870 


98.88 


1871-1875 


107. 73 


1876-1880 


103. 24 


1881-1885 


90.16 


1886-1890 


98.50 


1891-1895 


102. 26 


1896-1900 


107. 28 


1901-1905 


99.92 


1906 


100. 94 


1907 


100. 17 


1908 


104. 56 







80 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



AVERAGE, MAXIMUM, AND MINIMUM YEARLY PRICES OF WHEAT, BREAD, WINE, 

AND FOR 



Quinquennial period. 



Wheat (per bushel). 


Bread (per pound). 


Wine (per gallon). 




Maxi- 


Mini- 




Maxi- 


Mini- 




Maxi- 


Mini- 


Aver- 


mum 
of 


mum 
of 


Aver- 


mum 
of 


mum 
of 


Aver- 


mum 
of 


mum 
of 


age 
yearly. 


yearly 
aver- 


yearly 
aver- 


age 
yearly. 


yearly 
aver- 


yearly 
aver- 


age 
yearly. 


yearly 
aver- 


yearly 
aver- 




ages. 


ages. 




ages. 


ages. 




ages. 


ages. 


$1.39 


$1.56 


$1.16 


$0. 035 


$0. 039 


$0. 032 


$0. 426 


$0. 508 


$0. 350 


1.55 


1.79 


1.38 


.039 


.044 


.036 


.385 


.462 


.339 


1.85 


2.11 


1.49 


.046 


.051 


.039 


.410 


.575 


.267 


1.69 


1.78 


1.57 


.046 


.046 


.043 


.435 


.477 


.338 


1.37 


1.55 


1.20 


.039 


.041 


.036 


.425 


.466 


.375 


1.25 


1.30 


1.20 


.038 


.039 


.036 


.580 


.649 


.507 


1.20 


1.38 


.99 


.037 


.041 


.034 


.417 


.476 


.328 


1.35 


1.46 


1.24 


.037 


.039 


.035 


.388 


.402 


.368 


1.35 


1.40 


1.29 


.036 


.037 


.035 


.393 


.479 


.340 


1.36 
1.37 
1.54 






.038 
.038 
.039 






.460 
.340 
.340 











































1861-1865 
1866-1870 
1871-1875 
1876-1880 
1881-1885 

1886-1890 
1891-1895 
1896-1900 
1901-1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 



AVERAGE, MAXIMUM, AND MINIMUM YEARLY RELATIVE PRICES OF WHEAT, 

PERIOD, 1861 TO 1905, 

[Average of yearly prices 1861 to 1865=100.0.] 





Wheat. 


Bread. 


Wine. 


Quinquennial period. 


Aver- 
age 
yearly. 


Maxi- 
mum of 

yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Mini- 
mum of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Aver- 
age 
yearly. 


Maxi- 
mum of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Mini- 
mum of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Aver- 
age 
yearly. 


Maxi- 
mum of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Mini- 
mum of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


1861-1865 


100. 00 
111.47 
133. 24 
122. 00 
98.67 

90.07 
86.33 
97.39 
97.50 

97.95 

98.44 

111.02 


112. 64 
129. 15 
152. 52 
128. 13 
111.92 

93.83 

99.69 

105. 60 

101. 29 


83.79 

99.77 

107. 57 

113.36 

86.44 

86.37 
71.15 
89.77 
93.26 


100. 00 

112. 44 
130. 84 
128. 85 

108. 95 

106. 46 
103. 48 
103. 48 
101. 99 

106.96 

106. 96 

109. 45 


109. 45 
124. 37 
144. 27 
133. 08 
116.91 

111. 94 
116. 91 
109. 45 
104. 47 


89.65 
101. 99 
113.18 
123. 13 
101. 99 

101. 99 
97.01 
99.50 
99.50 


100. 00 
90.54 
96.25 

102. 29 
99.79 

136. 39 
97.97 
91.13 
92.38 

108.09 

79.87 
79.87 


119.37 

108. 46 
135. 17 
111.98 

109. 47 

152. 56 

111. 95 
,94. 46 

112. 65 


82.20 
79.73 
62.69 
79.43 
88.02 

119.07 
77.05 
86.42 
79.79 


1866-1870 


1871-1875 


1876-1880 


1881-1885 


1886-1890 


1891-1895 


1896-1900 


1901-1905 


1906 


1907 














1908 


























1 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



81 



BEEF, PORK, BUTTER, AND RICE FOR EACH QUINQUENNIAL PERIOD, 1861 TO 1905, 
1906 TO 1908. 



Beef (per pound). 


Pork (per pound). 


Butter (per pound). 


Rice (per 100 pounds). 


Aver- 
age 
yearly. 


Maxi- 
mum 

of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Mini- 
mum 

of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Aver- 
age 
yearly. 


Maxi- 
mum 

of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Mini- 
mum 
of 

yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Aver- 
age 
yearly. 


Maxi- 
mum 

of 
yearly 
"aver- 
ages. 


Mini- 
mum 

of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Aver- 
age 
yearly. 


Maxi- 
mum 
of 

yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Mini- 
mum 

of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


$0. 099 
.108 
.135 
.134 
.124 

.125 
.133 
.139 
.140 

.123 
.136 
.144 


$0. 104 
.115 
.153 
.135 
.131 

.130 
.140 
.149 
.158 


$0. 093 
.101 
.116 
.132 
.118 

.123 
.131 
.131 
.119 


$0. 122 
.144 
.178 
.179 
.177 

.171 
.166 
.159 
.164 

.179 
.206 
.206 


$0. 125 
.166 
.200 
.185 
.189 

.179 

.166 
.166 
.175 


$0. 116 
.119 
.156 
.166 
.166 

.166 
.166 
.158 
.153 J 


$0. 181 
.193 
.241 
.256 
.231 

.207 
.207 
.207 
.215 

.214 
.228 
.271 


$0. 190 
.214 
.269 
.273 
.253 

.214 
.221 
.218 

.242 


80. 175 
.168 
.212 
.249 
.212 

.196 
.196 
.191 
.199 


$3.23 
3.41 
3.74 
3.56 
3.11 

3.40 
3.53 
3.70 
3.45 

3.48 
3.46 
3.61 


$3.34 
3.72 
3.94 
3.66 
3.39 

3.74 
3.92 
4.29 
3.57 


$3.07 
2.82 
3.34 
3.48 
2.99 

3.04 
3.35 
3.35 
3.32 



















































BREAD, WINE, BEEF, PORK, BUTTER, AND RICE FOR EACH QUINQUENNIAL 
AND FOR 1906 TO 1908. 

[Average of yearly prices 1861 to 1865=100.0.] 



Beef. 


Pork. 


Butter. 


Rice. 


Aver- 
age 
yearly. 


Maxi- 
mum of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Mini- 
mum of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Aver- 
age 
yearly. 


Maxi- 
mum of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Mini- 
mum of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Aver- 
age 
yearly. 


Maxi- 
mum of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Mini- 
mum of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Aver- 
age 
yearly. 


Maxi- 
mum of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


Mini- 
mum of 
yearly 
aver- 
ages. 


100. 00 
109. 22 
136. 88 
135. 28 
126. 06 

126. 77 
134. 75 

140. 78 

141. 84 

124.11 
137. 41 
145. 39 


105. 51 
116.13 
155. 14 

136. 52 
132. 98 

132. 09 
141. 84 
150. 71 

159.57 


93.97 
101. 95 
117.91 
133. 86 

119. 68 

124. 11 
132. 98 
132. 98 

120. 57 


100.00 
118. 70 
146. 19 

146. 47 
145. 61 

140.57 
136. 69 
130. 93 
134. 53 

147. 48 
169. 00 
169. 06 


102. 88 
136. 69 
164. 75 
151. 80 
155. 39 

146. 76 
136. 69 
136. 69 
143. 88 


95.68 

97.84 

128. 06 

136. 69 

136. 69 

136. 69 
136. 69 
129. 50 
125. 90 


100. 00 
106. 86 
133. 17 
141.78 
127. 85 

113.92 
114. 89 
114.41 
118. 95 

118. 47 
125. 72 
149. 90 


104. 93 
118. 47 
148. 45 
150. 87 
139. 74 

117.99 
121. 85 
120. 40 
133. 94 


96.71 

92.84 

117.02 

137. 33 

117.02 

108. 31 
108. 31 
105. 41 
109. 76 


100.00 
105. 45 
114. 92 
110. 11 
96.17 

105. 04 
109.05 
114. 42 
106. 56 

107. 65 
106. 84 
111.51 


103. 16 
115.06 
121.87 
113.00 
104. 72 

115. 62 
121.30 
132. 64 
110. 27 


94.83 

87.23 

103. 18 

107. 48 

92.28 

94.04 
103. 48 
103. 53 
102. 62 















































48310— S. Doc. 631, 61-2 6 



82 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



NORWAY. 

[From Bulletin 84, September, 1909, of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

Arbeids- og L0nningsforliold for Syersker i Kristiania, tilligemed Op- 
lysninger angaaende L0nninger i andre hvindelige Erhverv i Norge. 
Udgivet af det statistiske Centralbureau. 1906. 165 pp. 

This volume is the fourth of a series of reports classed as social 
statistics produced by the Bureau of Statistics of Norway, and pre- 
sents data relative to the employment of women as seamstresses and 
in similar occupations in Christiania. There is first presented a brief 
account of the methods of the inquiry and of the development of 
female labor, especially as seamstresses. The extent and character 
of the investigation are next discussed, after which follow tables and 
text relative to the place of birth, occupations of parents, former 
employment, and apprenticeship of seamstresses; earnings of seam- 
stresses, under the three heads of factory employees, seamstresses 
working in families, and those working in their own homes; conjugal 
condition, state of health, hours of labor, cost of living, and changes 
in rates of earnings within the past twenty or thirty years. A com- 
parison is also made between the earnings of seamstresses in Norway 
and those in other countries, data concerning conditions in Copen- 
hagen, Stockholm, and Berlin being shown. 

The second part of the volume presents the rates of earnings of 
working women in various industries in Norway, while in an appendix 
other subjects of especial interest in connection with female labor are 
discussed. 

The census of 1900 showed that there were 31,435 working women 
in Norway employed in sewing and similar occupations, of whom 
approximately 14,500 were classed as urban. Of these 5,251 were in 
Christiana. The following table shows the number of working women 
employed in sewing, etc., in Christiania and in the entire Kingdom, 
by principal industries: 

NUMBER OF WOMEN ENGAGED IN SEWING AND IN SIMILAR EMPLOYMENTS IN 
CHRISTIANIA AND IN NORWAY, BY INDUSTRIES, 1900. 



Norway. 




Tailoresses (independent tradeswomen) 

Seamstresses (independent, in petty industries) 
Employees in factories making — 

Shoes, slippers, etc 

Hats and caps, including storm hats, etc. . . 

Clothing and cloaks 

Hand workers with— 

Tailors 

Hat makers, etc 

Glove makers 

Shoemakers 

Sewing women in petty industries working at— 

Sewing „ 

Millinery 

Total 



2,015 
20,566 

249 

222 
494 



1,369 
216 
203 
436 



31,435 



"WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



83 



The conjugal condition of the two largest groups ("seamstresses, 
independent, in petty industries" and " sewing women in petty indus- 
tries working at sewing") shown in the above table for Christiania 
is given in the following table : 

CONJUGAL CONDITION OF SEAMSTRESSES IN PETTY INDUSTRIES IN CHRISTIANIA, 

CLASSIFIED BY AGE GROUPS, 1900. 



Age group. 



15 and under 20 years 
20 and under 25 years 
25 and under 30 years 
30 and under 35 years 
35 and under 40 years 
40 and under 45 years 
45 and under 50 years 
50 and under 55 years 
55 and under 65 years 
65 and under 75 years 
75 and under 85 years 
Age not reported 

Total 



Number- 



Unmar- 
ried. 



361 
921 
699 
439 
292 
205 
114 

95 
108 

42 
3 

12 



3,291 



Married. 



1 
17 
41 
54 
40 
46 
27 
12 
10 

6 



Wid- 
owed. 



7 

20 
29 
50 
61 
75 
73 
5S 
31 



a 254 



M06 



Not re- 
ported. 



Total. 



362 
945 
760 
524 
382 
314 
216 
180 
178 

80 
3 

14 



3,958 



a Including 19 women separated from their husbands. 



b Including 19 divorced women. 



The age group 20 and under 25 years is the largest, containing 23.9 
per cent of the total number of seamstresses in the groups pre- 
sented. Within these age limits also are found 28 per cent of all 
unmarried seamstresses, the numbers decreasing rapidly in the suc- 
ceeding five-year periods. The largest number of married women is 
found in the group 30 and under 35, while for widows the maximum 
is not reached until at the ages 45 and under 50. 

The present report presents data relative to but 525 of the seam- 
stresses of Christiania, of whom 419 were unmarried, 66 married, and 
40 widowed. A comparison of the percentages found within the vari- 
ous age groups reported by the census of 1900 with those considered 
in this report is shown in the following table : 

SEAMSTRESSES IN CHRISTIANIA IN VARIOUS AGE GROUPS, BY PER CENT IN EACH 
AGE GROUP, CENSUS OF 1900 AND REPORT OF 1906. 



Per cent. 



Age group. 




Under 25 years 

25 and under 40 years 
40 and under 55 years 
55 years and over 



32.0 

43.4 

21.9 

2.7 



From this table it appears that the proportions of working women 
as shown by the two reports are practically the same in the two larger 
groups, the proportion of middle-aged women being larger in the 
number investigated by the present inquiry, while the proportion of 



84 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



older women, as shown by the report of 1906, does not come up to 
the standard shown by the census. 

As to the place of birth of the 525 seamstresses considered in this 
volume, 25 per cent were born in Christiania, 18 per cent in other 
towns or cities, 47 per cent in rural districts, and 10 per cent were of 
foreign birth. As to the occupation of parents, 58.6 per cent were 
reported as laborers, 20.2 per cent were farmers, 12=6 per cent trades- 
people, and 8.6 per cent were servants and employed persons not 
classed as laborers. 

The question as to apprenticeship was answered by 376 persons, a 
period of three months being reported by 141 seamstresses, or 37.5 per 
cent of the total number reporting; 44 served less than three months, 
and 88 reported no apprenticeship; 52 served from three to six 
months' apprenticeship; 36 from six months to one year, while 15 
served more than one year. Of this last group 7 were employed on 
men's clothing, as were also 12 of the 36 whose terms of apprentice- 
ship ranged from six months to one year. 

The following table shows for 256 seamstresses in factories and 
workshops the number earning the designated classified weekly rates 
of wages : 

NUMBER OF SEAMSTRESSES IN FACTORIES AND WORKSHOPS, EMPLOYED IN CER- 
TAIN INDUSTRIES, CLASSIFIED BY GROUPS OF WEEKLY EARNINGS. 





Number of seamstresses employed. 


Weekly earnings. 


Wom- 
en's 

cloth- 
ing. 


Men's 
cloth- 
ing. 


Cloak 
mak- 
ing. 


Plain 
sew- 
ing. 


Boys' 
cloth- 
ing. 


Hat 
and 
cap 
mak- 
ing. 


Shoe 
stitch- 
ing. 


Glove 
mak- 
ing. 


Mili- 
tary 
sup- 
plies. 


Total. 


3.00 kroner ($0,804) 
and under 






1 














1 


3.01 kroner ($0,807) 
to 4.00 kroner 
($1.072) 


1 

6 

13 

10 

26 

20 

11 

8 

2 




1 
3 
2 
4 
7 
5 
3 
8 
2 












2 


4.01 kroner ($1,075) 
to 5.00 kroner 
($1.34) 


1 
1 
2 

11 
6 
8 

11 
5 


2 
4 
3 
2 
4 
4 
5 
1 












12 


5.01 kroner ($1,343) 
to 6.00 kroner 
($1,608) 








1 




21 


6.01 kroner ($1,611) 
to 7.00 kroner 
($1.876) 


3 
3 
1 


3 
5 
5 
3 


2 
3 
1 
3 
3 
2 


24 


7.01 kroner ($1,879) 
to 8.00 kroner 
($2.144) 


4 
2 
4 
1 


1 
1 


58 


8.01 kroner ($2,147) 
to 9.00 kroner 
($2.412) 


46 


9.01 kroner ($2,415) 
to 10.00 kroner 
($2.68) 


40 


10.01 kroner ($2,683) 
to 12.00 kroner 
($3.216) 


38 


12.01 kroner ($3,219) 
to 15.00 kroner 
($4.02) 


12 


Over 15 kroner 
($4.02) 








2 


2 






















Total employees. 


97 


45 


26 


35 


7 


16 


14 


12 


4 


256 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



85 



The average weekly earnings of seamstresses employed in the 
various industries were reported as follows: In the making of 
women's clothing, 8.12 kroner ($2.18); men's clothing, 8.78 kroner 
($2.62); boys' clothing, 9.60 kroner ($2.57); cloaks, 8.35 kroner 
($2.24); hats and caps, 8.34 kroner ($2.24); gloves, 8.75 kroner 
($2.35), and military supplies, 14 kroner ($3.75) ; and in plain sewing, 
8.72 kroner ($2.34), and shoe stitching, 10 kroner ($2.68). Total 
average weekly earnings, 8.80 kroner ($2.36). 

The largest number of employees considered in the above table 
are employed in the manufacture of women's clothing, in which also 
the average weekly earnings are lowest. The manufacture of men's 
clothing ranks next in the number of employees, with an average 
weekly wage rate considerably above the general average. The 
largest wage group is that earning from 7.01 to 8 kroner ($1,879 to 
$2,144) per week, this and the two next higher groups, or the range 
from 7.01 to 10 kroner ($1,879 to $2,680), containing 56.3 per cent of 
the total number of employees considered. 

The ages of 255 of the 256 working women whose earnings are 
shown in the above table are known, and the next table shows for 
this number their distribution by age groups and the per cent in each 
age group receiving each classified rate of wages: 

NUMBER AND AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS OF SEAMSTRESSES, BY AGE GROUPS, 
AND PER CENT EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED WAGE, 



Age group. 



Number 
of seam- 
stresses. 



19 years and under 

20 to 29 years 

30 to 39 years 

40 to 49 years 

50 to 59 years 

Total 



50 

148 

41 

13 

3 



255 



Average 

weekly 

earnings. 



Per cent of seamstresses earning— 



$1. 881 
2.396 
2.667 
2.613 
3.128 



2.358 



6.00 
kroner 
($1,608) 

and 
under. 



46.0 
6.8 
4.9 

6.3 



6.01 
kroner 
($1,611) 
to 9.00 
kroner 
($2,412). 



40.0 
55.8 
43.9 

37.5 



14.2 



49.6 



9.01 
kroner 
($2,415) 
to 12.00 
kroner 
($3,216). 



14.0 
33.3 
39.0 

37.5 



30.7 



Over 

12.00 

kroner 

($3,216). 



4.1 

12.2 

18.7 



5.5 



The number of persons represented is too small to warrant very 
much weight being given to the showings of the above table. It 
appears, however, from the data given that nearly one-half the seam- 
stresses of the youngest age group earn 6 kroner ($1,608) and under 
per week, while the maximum number for each following age group 
is to be found in the higher wage groups. The proportion of 
employees receiving 9.01 kroner ($2,415) and over weekly is 14 per 
cent for those under 20 years of age, 37.4 per cent for those from 20 
to 29 years of age, 51.2 per cent for those from 30 to 39 years of age, 
and 56.2 per cent for those 40 to 59 years of age. Practically one- 
half (49.6 per cent) of the total number of employees considered 
earn from 6.01 to 9.00 kroner ($1,611 to $2,412) per week. 



86 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



The average number of working days per annum of the 256 seam- 
stresses in factories and workshops is given at 262, the average yearly 
earnings being 384 kroner ($102.91). Shown by classified annual 
earnings, the largest number (101) earned from 301 kroner ($80.67) 
to 400 kroner ($107.20), the next largest groups being 68 persons 
earning from 401 kroner ($107.47) to 500 kroner ($134.00), and 45 
persons earning from 201 kroner ($53.87) to 300 kroner ($80.40). 
But 28 seamstresses earned more than 500 kroner ($134.00), while 14 
earned 200 kroner ($53.60) or less. 

As to seamstresses working at home, the report shows that the 
average weekly earnings of 178 working alone were 8.41 kroner 
($2,254), 109, or 61.2 per cent of this class, earning from 7.01 kroner 
($1,879) to 12.00 kroner ($3,216) per week. 

The following table summarizes the data as to working time and 
average earnings for the different classes of seamstresses : 

AVERAGE EARNINGS AND NUMBER OF DAYS WORKED BY SEAMSTRESSES. 



Classification. • 


Number 
of seam- 
stresses. 


Average 

weekly 

earnings. 


Days 
worked 
per year. 


Average 

yearly 

earnings. 


In factories, etc 


256 

30 

178 

48 


$2. 358 
3.589 
2.254 
3.913 


262 
261 
245 
269 


$102 91 


In families 


156 78 


At home, working alone 


93 26 


At home, with assistants '. 


170 18 






Total 


512 


2.538 


257 


109 08 







There is little variation in the working time per year of the various 
classes here shown, though the average earnings vary considerably, 
seamstresses working at home with assistants having the largest 
income, those working in families ranking next. 

The hours per day in factories and workshops were twelve for 116 
of the 236 employees reported, only 6 working a longer time, thirteen 
hours being the longest day, while but 16 had a working day shorter 
than eleven hours. These periods include intervals for meals, etc., 
amounting to one and one-half hours for 147 employees, longer 
periods for 35 and shorter for 54 employees. Seamstresses in private 
families usually work from 8 a. m. to 8 p. m., with from one to two 
hours for rest and meals. The hours of those working at home are 
much more irregular, ranging from 10 to 17J per day, including 
intervals for meals, etc. Of the 102 seamstresses of this class for 
whom report is made, 52 worked twelve hours and only 18 had a 
shorter day; 17 worked from thirteen to fourteen hours, while for 15 
the working day exceeded fourteen hours. These numbers all include 
intervals for meals, etc. 

A comparison of the earnings of 456 seamstresses in 1894 with 
those of 407 in 1904 shows an average increase of approximately 
60 kroner ($16.08) for the year. 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



87 



SWEDEN. 

[From Bulletin 68, January, 1907, of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

Under sokning af den mekaniska verlcstadsindustrien i Sverige. II. 
Mindre, egentliga mekaniska verkstader samt vissa special verk- 
stader, m. m. Pa uppdrag af kungl. kommerskollegium verkstalld 
af Henning Elmquist. 1904. 472 pp. 

In 1901 the royal board of trade of Sweden issued a report on the 
conditions of labor in the larger establishments of that country which 
were engaged in the manufacture of machinery and implements of 
various kinds, a digest of which appeared in Bulletin 44 of the United 
States Bureau of Labor. The present volume presents data for estab- 
lishments of similar nature, but includes also smaller machine shops 
or factories, together with reports on beneficial and relief societies 
for employees, and appendixes giving wages and a discussion of 
industrial conditions for a number of years. 

The investigation on which this report is based was made in the 
years 1901 and 1902, and does not include the establishments reported 
on in the earlier volume. The following table gives the number of 
establishments reported on, the number of employees for each year 
from 1899 to 1901, and the value of products in 1901: 

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN 106 ESTABLISHMENTS FOR THE YEARS 1899 TO 1901, AND 
VALUE OF PRODUCTS IN 1901, BY NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES PER ESTABLISHMENT. 



Employees per establishment. a 



Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 



Employees in— 



1899. 



1900. 



1901. 



Value of 

products, 

1901. 



Under 100 persons 
100 to 300 persons. 
301 to 500 persons . 
Over 500 persons . 

Total 



70 
28 

4 
4 



4,309 
4,600 
1,168 
2,827 



3,910 
4,595 
1,487 
3,052 



3,606 
3,988 
1,347 
2,973 



$2, 442, 969 
3, 290, 334 
1,394,420 
3,509,311 



106 



12, 904 



13,044 



11,914 



10, 637, 034 



o Based on the returns for the year 1900. 

Detailed statistics as to employees relate to but 11,147 persons. 
Their distribution by classes of industries and by occupations is 
shown in the following table: 

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH OCCUPATION IN MACHINE AND IMPLEMENT 
FACTORIES, BY CLASS OF MANUFACTURES, 1901. 





Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


Occupation. 


Class of manufactures. 


Fore- 
men. 


Found- 
rymen. 


Forge- 
men. 


Black- 
smiths. 


Tin and 
copper 
smiths. 


Electrical machinery and apparatus 


7 
4 
6 

17 

72 


50 
28 
13 
65 
202 


73 

34 

2 

107 

1,482 


40 
37 
18 
84 
651 


32 
2 

10 

505 




Dairy machinery 


86 


Bicycles, sewing and knitting machines 


1 


Motors, special machinery, firearms, etc 


3 


Agricultural implements and unclassified products — 


20 


Total 


106 


358 


1 , COS 


830 


549 


110 







88 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH OCCUPATION IN MACHINE AND IMPLEMENT 
FACTORIES, BY CLASS OF MANUFACTURES, 1901— Concluded. 





Occupation. 


Other 
em- 
ploy- 
ees. 




Class of manufactures. 


Ma- 
chin- 
ists. 


Car- 
pen- 
ters. 


Paint- 
ers. 


Engi- 
neers 
and 
fire- 
men. 


Total. 


Electrical machinery and apparatus 


1,482 

796 

270 

1,018 

2,244 


213 

48 

5 

79 

475 


48 
44 
13 
12 
71 


17 
11 
6 
22 
69 


105 

116 

30 

85 

323 


2,060 
1,202 


Dairy machinery 


Bicycles, sewing and knitting machines 


358 


Motors, special machinery, firearms, etc 


1,485 


Agricultural implements and unclassified products 


6,042 


Total 


5,810 


820 


188 


125 


659 


11,147 







Of the 11,147 employees included in the foregoing table, the ages 
were reported for 11,110, as follows: One hundred and forty-eight 
were under 12 years of age; 4,795 were 12 but under 18; 3,332 were 18 
but under 25; and 2,835 were 25 years of age or over. 

The weekly hours of labor were reported by both employers and 
employees, by the former for 10,735 persons, and by the latter for 
10,752 persons. The results of all returns are shown in the table 
below : 

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN MACHINE AND IMPLEMENT FACTORIES, BY HOURS OF 

LABOR PER WEEK, 1901. 



Hours per week. 


Employers' report. 


Employees' report. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


Under 54 hours 


588 

2,442 

3,794 

2,777 

956 

178 


5.5 

22.7 

35.3 

25.9 

8.9 

1.7 


1,704 
1,349 
3,500 
3,304 
517 
378 


15.9 


54 or under 57 hours 


12.5 


57 or under 60 hours 


32.6 


60 or under 63 hours 


30.7 


63 or under 66 hours 


4.8 


66 hours or over 


3.5 






Total 


10, 735 


100.0 


10, 752 


100.0 







The differences between the data furnished by the employers and 
by the employees are accounted for in part by the fact that not all 
the employers reported on this subject, so that the returns are not 
in all instances for identical employees, and in part by the fact that 
the reports of employers generally gave the standard working time 
of the establishment without regard to variations in exceptional 
cases or groups of workmen. The actual differences are not great, 
however, as appears from combining the six groups into three. 
Thus the employers report 28.2 per cent of the employees as working 
less than 57 hours per week, 61.2 per cent as working 57 or less than 
63 hours weekly, and 10.6 per cent as working 63 hours or more; while 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



89 



according to the employees' returns the corresponding percentages 
are 28.4, 63.3, and 8.3, respectively. 

Wage statistics were obtained for 6,134 workmen employed in 84 
establishments. The following table shows the number of employees, 
by occupation, classified in five groups on the basis of annual earnings: 

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN MACHINE AND IMPLEMENT FACTORIES, BY CLASSIFIED 
ANNUAL EARNINGS AND BY OCCUPATIONS, 1901. 





Employees whose annual earnings were— 


Occupation. 


Under 500 kr. 

($134). 


500 kr. ($134) 

or under 800 

kr. ($214). 


800 kr. ($214) 

or under 

1,200 kr. 

($332). 


1,200 kr.($332) 

or under 

1,500 kr. 

($402). 


1,500 kr. 
($402) or over. 




Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Foremen 






4 
90 
26 
93 
30 
51 
81 
33 
51 
4 
5 


2.2 
17.3 
26.8 
52.0 
48.4 
20.6 
57.0 
33.6 
63.0 
11.4 

6.7 


54 

353 
14 
36 
26 

137 
17 
52 
10 
28 
11 
28 

474 
37 

392 

167 
19 
40 

130 
55 
90 

128 
32 
12 
63 
25 
34 

113 


29.5 
68.0 
14.5 
20.1 
41.9 
55.2 
12.0 
53.1 
12.3 
80.0 
14.7 
82.4 
46.2 
31.4 
44.1 
43.0 
33.9 
14.1 
41.7 
45.1 
41.8 
60.1 
28.6 
38.7 
43.4 
27.2 
49.3 
36.6 


69 
46 
1 
9 
1 
37 
5 
9 


37.7 
8.9 
1.0 
5.0 
1.6 

14.9 
3.5 
9.2 


56 
16 


30.6 


Founders 


14 

56 

37 

4 

4 

38 

3 

20 


2.7 

57.7 

20.7 
6.5 
1.6 

26.8 
3.1 

24.7 


3.1 


Core makers 




Founders' helpers 


4 
1 

19 
1 
1 


2.2 


Foundry workers, other 

Blacksmiths 


1.6 

7.7 


Blacksmiths' helpers 


.7 


Boiler makers 


1.0 


Boiler makers' helpers 




Boiler shop workers, other 


2 

12 

5 

219 

28 

179 

103 

16 

13 

83 

23 

29 

34 

57 

6 

20 

19 

9 

33 


5.7 
16.0 
14.7 
21.3 
23.7 
20.2 
26.6 
28.6 

4.6 
26.6 
18.8 
13.5 
16.0 
50.9 
19.4 
13.8 
20.7 
13.0 
10.7 


1 

47 

1 

103 

38 

147 

38 

12 

9 
52 
19 
44 

3 
17 

4 
13 
27 

9 
24 


2.9 


Tin and copper smiths 






62.7 


Engine fitters 






2.9 


Filers 


28 


2.7 


203 
15 

146 

55 

7 

93 

41 

22 

46 

41 

6 

9 

29 

14 

12 

103 


19.8 
12.7 
16.4 
14.2 
12.5 
32.7 
13.1 
18.0 
21.4 
19.2 
5.3 
29.0 
20.0 
15.2 
17.4 
33.3 


10.0 


Setters-up 


32.2 


Lathe hands 


24 

25 
2 
129 
6 
3 
6 
7 


2.7 
6.4 
3.6 
45.4 
1.9 
2.5 
2.8 
3.3 


16.6 


Planers, turners, and borers... 
Polishers and grinders 


9.8 
21.4 


Machinists' helpers 


3.2 


Machine shop workers, other.. 
Metal workers 


16.7 
15.6 


Electrical workers 


20.5 


Pattern makers 


1.4 


Cabinetmakers 


15.2 


Carpenters 






12.9 


Wood workers, other 


20 

7 

5 

36 


13.8 
7.6 
7.3 

11.6 


9.0 


Painters 


29.3 


Engineers and firemen 

Other employees 


13.0 

7.8 






Total 


474 


7.7 


1,310 


21.4 


2,577 


42.0 


1,067 


17.4 


706 


11.5 







Bidrag till Sveriges Officiella Statistik. Fabriker och Handtverk. 
Kommerskollegii underdaniga berattelse for Ar 1903. xxxi, 116 pp. 

This volume is one of a series of reports issued by the commercial 
section of the Royal Board of Trade on the industry and commerce of 
Sweden. Much the larger part of the work is devoted to the subject 
of manufactures, that of trades or manual professions occupying but 
a few pages. The tables present the statistics of both subjects by 
kinds of establishments or trades, by groups, and by localities. 

Though industrial statistics have been collected in Sweden since 
1831, it is only since 1896 that they have been sufficiently complete to 
furnish an accurate statement of the conditions of manufactures in 
that country. The following table shows the number of establish- 



90 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



ments and of employees and the value of products for each year 
from 1896 to 1903, inclusive: 

NUMBER OF ESTABLISMENTS AND OF EMPLOYEES AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS 
IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 1896 TO 1903. 



Year. 


Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


Employ- 
ees. 


Value of 
products. 


Year. 


Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


Employ- 
ees. 


Value of 
products. 


1896 


8,812 

8,974 

10,029 

10,364 


202,293 
220, 202 
245,720 
257,526 


$185,750,341 
210,190,703 
238,156,789 
254,758,456 


1900 


10, 549 
10,904 
10,978 
11,588 


265, 479 
262, 229 
263,244 
271,157 


$280,126,376 


1897 


1901 


275,034,843 
282,633,446 


1898 


1902 


1899 


1903 


a 299,455,519 









a This does not agree with the total for 1903 given in the table following, because the original figures for 
this table are given in francs and in round numbers, while those for the table following are given in kroner. 
In the original report the conversions from kroner to francs were made on the basis of 1 kr.=1.39 fr., while 
according to the conversion tables used in the Bureau of Labor 1 kr.= 1.3886 fr. 

This table indicates a constant growth from year to year in the 
number of establishments, and, with the single exception of the year 
1901, in number of employees and value of products; the number of 
employees was not so large in 1902, however, as it was in 1900. 

In the commercial statistics of the country, exports and imports 
are classified under 12 heads, and this report groups the manufactures 
on the same basis. The table next given shows the number of estab- 
lishments, the number of employees by sex and age, and the value of 
products for each industrial group for the year 1903: 

NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES BY SEX AND AGE 
GROUPS, AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 1903. 



Class of manufactures. 



Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 



Food products, including tobacco and bev- 
erages 

Textiles and clothing 

Hides, leather, and hair 

Oils, gums, etc 

Lumber and wood products 

Paper and paper goods 

Cork and straw goods and baskets 

Clay, glass, and stone products, including 
gas and charcoal 

Chemical products 

Metals and metal products 

Machinery and implements 

Printing, publishing, and miscellaneous 

Total 



3,843 
803 
585 
209 

1,948 

182 

35 

1,612 
287 
902 
685 
497 



11,588 



Employees. 



Under 18 
years of age. 



Males. 



1,253 

2,572 

669 

267 

10,614 

871 

48 

4,341 
148 
3,681 
2,614 
1,595 



28, 673 



Fe- 
males. 



1,089 

5,322 

487 

344 

1,173 

893 

45 

654 
96 
364 
111, 
381 



10,959 



18 years of : 
or over. 



Males. 



23,633 

10,019 

4,617 

1,391 

54,672 

5,360 

296 

39,025 

2,081 

17,323 

27,986 

5,557 



191,960 



Fe- 
males. 



6,582 

20,097 

1,702 

987 
2,854 
2,003 

225 

1,537 
545 

1,416 
468 

1,149 



39,565 



Total. 



32,557 

38,010 

7,475 

2,989 

69,313 

9,127 

614 

45,557 

2,870 

22,784 

31,179 

8,682 



271,157 



Value of 
products. 



$95,128,633 

38,672,940 

9,162,765 

6,412,418 

66,571,876 

9,615,993 

502,347 

18,806,531 

5,469,318 

20,316,135 

22, 426, 651 

6,068,459 



a 299, 154, 066 



a This does not agree with the amount given for 1903 in the preceding table, because the original figures 
for this table are given in kroner, while those for the preceding table are given in francs and in round num- 
bers. In the original report the conversions from kroner to francs were made on the basis of 1 kr=1.39 fr., 
white according to the conversion tables used in the Bureau of Labor 1 kr. =1.3886 fr. 



WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 91 

The class containing the greatest number of establishments is that 
representing the manufacture of food products, etc., the number 
being nearly double that of the next largest class, in which the man- 
ufacture of lumber and wood products is carried on. These two 
groups together produced 54 per cent of all manufactures reported 
for the year 1903. The first group contains many small establish- 
ments, the average number of employees per establishment being 
but 8. The largest number per establishment is found in the manu- 
facture of paper and paper goods, where 50 is the average. In the 
last-named group is also to be found the highest average value of 
products, 197,146 kroner ($52,835) per establishment, the next highest 
being that of textiles and clothing, with an average of 179,704 kroner 
($48,161) per establishment for the year 1903. 

Males comprised 81.37 per cent of the total number of employees 
and females 18.63 per cent. The males under 18 years of age com- 
prised 10.58 per cent of all employees and the females under 18 years 
4.04 per cent, the whole number of persons under 18 years of age 
being 14.62 per cent of all employees. 

The data as to trades or manual professions do not include domi- 
ciliary employments, but are restricted to shop as opposed to factory 
industries. The same classification is used as in the case of manu- 
factures. The number of independent work people reported is 
53,077, of whom 50,371 were males and 2,706 females. These per- 
sons employed as assistants or shop workers 42,578 males and 5,163 
females, a total of 47,741. Thus, but 7.81 per cent of the 100,818 
persons in this industrial class were females. The value of products 
was not given. 

[From Bulletin 84, September, 1909, of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

Lifsmedels- och Bostadspriser i Sverige under dren 1 904-1 907 . Utgif- 
ven af K. Kommerskollegii Afdelning for Arbetsstatistik. 1909. 
104 pp. 

This report, issued by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Royal 
Board of Trade of Sweden, shows for the years 1904 to 1907 the 
prices of the necessaries of life and of food animals and the rates of 
rent in the principal localities of the Kingdom. The report discusses 
generally and then more in detail the prices of food and of food 
animals, showing the general increase in prices during the period 
covered, and the effect of locality and seasons on prices; it also 
takes up the subjects of rents and of board in private families, and 
shows that rent and board have also increased. Tables occupy 
practically one-half the report, presenting in detail data for various 
articles of food and classes of food animals, as well as for lodgings 
of different sorts, by year and locality. 



92 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



A summary table showing the average prices of the principal 
articles of food and of fuel, by years, for the Kingdom is given below: 

AVERAGE PRICES OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD AND OF FUEL, 1904 TO 1907. 



Article. 



Unit 



Average price in- 



1904. 



1905. 



1906. 



1907. 



Increase from 1904 
to 1907. 



Amount. 



Per 

cent, (a) 



Milk, unskimmed 

Milk, skimmed 

Butter, best 

Butter, second class 

Cheese, ordinary 

Oleomargarine, best 

Oleomargarine, cheapest 

Eggs 

Potatoes 

Peas, yellow 

Beans, brown 

Wheat flour 

Rye flour 

Rye flour, bolted 

Oatmeal 

Barley meal 

Rice flour, best 

Rice flour, cheapest grade . . 

Rye bread, dry 

Rye bread, fresh, sweetened 

Rye bread, fresh, sour 

Wheat bread, dry 

Wheat bread, fresh 

Beef, fresh, roasts, ordinary. 

Beef, fresh, for boiling 

Veal, roasts 

Veal (suckling calves) 

Mutton, roasts 

Pork, fresh 

Pork, salt, Swedish 

Pork, salt, American 

Fish, fresh, herrings 

Fish, fresh, small herrings. . 

Fish, fresh, plaice 

Fish, salt, herrings 

Fish, salt, small herrings 

Fish, salt, cod 

Coffee, Brazilian 

Sugar, lump 

Petroleum, first quality 

Firewood, birch 

Firewood, pine 

Turf (fuel) 

Coal, anthracite 

Coke, not crushed 



Quart. . 
Quart. . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Dozen.. 
Peck... 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound. 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Pound . 
Quart. . 
Cord... 
Cord... 
Bushel . 
Bushel . 
Bushel . 



.033 
.018 
.250 
.225 
,125 
.181 
.122 
207 



033 
049 
033 
023 
028 
038 
032 



039 
044 
043 
.030 
077 



.111 
.092 
.124 
.064 
.125 
.128 
.140 
.137 
.038 
.051 
.085 
.044 
.029 
.062 
.134 
.074 
.046 
5.948 
4.530 



$0. 033 
.018 
.258 
.232 
.130 
.191 
.126 
.214 
.137 
.033 
.047 
.033 
.023 
.029 
.038 
.030 
.069 
.039 
.043 
.041 
.030 
.078 
.051 
.108 
.090 
.126 
.064 
.128 
.134 
.142 
.137 
.040 
.049 
.086 
.046 
.030 
.066 
.140 
.084 
.041 
5.921 
4.502 
.066 
.304 
.106 



$0. 036 
.018 
.269 
.244 
.133 
.193 
.131 
.228 
.118 
.032 
.047 
.033 
.023 
.029 
.038 
.030 
.071 
.038 
.043 
.043 
.032 
.079 
.053 
.119 
.098 
.141 
.071 
.143 
.154 
.160 
.151 
.041 
.050 
.091 
.049 
.032 
.068 
.142 
.075 
.041 
6.058 
4.665 
.066 
.300 
.100 



$0. 036 
.018 
.266 
.242 
.141 
.191 
.131 
.241 
.137 
.033 
.049 
.034 
.024 
.032 
.039 
.032 
.072 
.039 
.045 
.043 
.032 
.081 
.056 
.129 
.108 
.143 
.078 
.152 
.150 
.159 
.152 
.041 
.053 
.097 
.050 
.030 
.072 
.141 
.075 
.041 
6.440 
5.048 
.069 
.335 
.119 



$0. 003 



.016 
.017 
.016 
.010 
.009 
.034 



6.3 
7.6 

12.6 
5.4 
8.0 

16.3 



.001 
.001 
.004 
.001 



3.7 

5.3 

13.0 

3.2 



6.003 



001 



63.5 
" '2.8 



.002 
.004 
6.005 
.018 
.016 
.019 
.014 
.027 
.022 
.019 
.015 
.003 
.002 
.012 
.006 
.001 
.010 
.007 
.001 
c.005 
.492 
.518 
6.003 
6.031 
6.013 



4.0 

6.3 

69.5 

16.5 

17.1 

15.7 

20.8 

21.4 

17.1 

13.9 

10.6 

9.7 

48 

14.3 

13.9 

4.2 

15.7 

5.5 

1.6 

cll.l 

8.3 

11.4 

6 4.3 

6 10.2 

6. 12. 5 



a The per cents of increase^hown in this column are based on the exact amounts shown in the original 
report and expressed in Swedish ore. An ore is equivalent to 0. 268 cent. 
6 Increase from 1905 to 1907. 
c Decrease. 

Most of the articles enumerated in the above table show an advance 
in cost over the initial year for which reports are made, the only 
decrease being in the case of petroleum. The increase is most marked 
in the case of eggs and meats, though considerable advances are shown 
in the case of several other articles, as cheese, bolted rye flour, and fuel. 

The same tendency is shown in the prices of food animals, which 
are reported for three principal localities and for various years, fat 
heifers selling in Stockholm at 44 ore per kilogram (5.35 cents per 
pound) in 1905, as against 56 ore per kilogram (6.81 cents per pound) 
in 1907. Good steers sold in the same market at 51 ore per kilogram 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 93 

(6.20 cents per pound) in 1906 and for 55 ore per kilogram (6.69 cents 
per pound) in 1907, while fat hogs weighing from 80 to 100 kilo- 
grams (176 to 220 pounds) brought 62 ore per kilogram (7.54 cents 
per pound) in 1905, 70 ore per kilogram (8.51 cents per pound) in 
1906, and 67 ore per kilogram (8.15 cents per pound) in 1907. 

Rentals also showed an increase during the period 1905 to 1907, 
the year 1904 not being considered in this connection in the report. 
Thus in 48 principal localities, the average cost of an apartment con- 
sisting of a single room was 85 kroner ($22.78) per annum in 1905, 
89 kroner ($23.85) in 1906, and 91 kroner ($24.39) in 1907. For a 
single room with kitchen the prices were 141 kroner ($37.79), 148 
kroner ($39.66), and 150 kroner ($40.20), respectively; while for two 
rooms with kitchen the prices were 235 kroner ($62.98), 242 kroner 
($64.86), and 251 kroner ($67.27), for the years named. These 
gains amount to a rate of increase of 7.1 per cent in the case of single 
rooms, 6.4 per cent for single rooms with kitchen, and 6.8 per cent for 
two rooms with kitchen. 

Board and lodging for working people show practically the same 
rate of increase, or 7 per cent in the period, the average cost being 
7.52 kroner ($2.02) per week in 1905, 7.75 kroner ($2.08) in 1906, 
and 8.05 kroner ($2.16) in 1907. 

UNITED KINGDOM. 

[From Bulletin 71, July, 1907, of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

Report on IVages, Earnings, and Conditions of Employment of Agri- 
cultural Laborers in the United Kingdom. 1905. xii, 263 pp. 
(Published by the Labor Department of the British Board of 
Trade.) 

The present volume was prepared in continuation of the report on 
wages and earnings of agricultural laborers which was issued by the 
Labor Department of the Board of Trade in 1900. In addition to 
the subjects treated in that report, the work under consideration 
contains particulars as to the cost of living of farm laborers in the 
United Kingdom, and information concerning their hours of work 
and general conditions of labor, in the form of detailed statements 
furnished by employers. Although considerable data relating to 
wages and earnings in 1903 are found in the report, the average 
earnings for the country are given for 1902. The figures published 
for 1902, however, apply in the main to the years 1903 and 1904, 
there having been comparatively little fluctuation in the wages of 
the agricultural classes during those two years. 

The facts concerning agricultural labor are presented in detail for 
each of the countries of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, the 
report showing in each case the wages and earnings of the various 



94 WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 

classes of laborers, their duties, terms of engagement, and methods 
of remuneration. An introduction to the detailed report contains a 
summary of the information presented and an explanation of the 
methods by which the data were obtained. A considerable part of 
the volume consists of appendixes containing statistical tables which 
show the average earnings of ordinary laborers in the various coun- 
ties of the United Kingdom in 1902, the rates of weekly cash wages 
paid in different parts of England in 1903, comparative wage data 
for certain farms in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland for a 
series of years, and the number and classification of agricultural 
laborers in each country as shown by the census of 1901. Tables 
are also appended which show, for each country, the quantity and 
value of food consumed per week by representative farm laborers' 
families during certain years. In addition, the report contains a 
map of the United Kingdom showing the average weekly earnings of 
agricultural laborers in 1902 by counties, and charts depicting fluctu- 
ations in wages between 1850 and 1903. 

The usual term of engagement of farm servants is by the year or 
half year in Scotland, Wales, the north of England, and the north of 
Ireland. In other parts of England and Ireland the agricultural 
laborers are, as a rule, engaged by the week, although the men in 
charge of animals are frequently engaged for longer periods. In the 
northern counties of England and in Wales the yearly and half-yearly 
engagements are mainly confined to unmarried men, the married men 
being generally engaged by the week. The system of hiring farm 
laborers at fairs still exists in Scotland, the north of England, the 
north of Ireland, and in a few districts of Wales, but it is declining 
to some extent. In other parts of the United Kingdom this custom 
has almost ceased. 

An examination of the report shows that the method of remunera- 
tion greatly varies in different parts of the United Kingdom, although 
time payments in cash form the main part of the earnings of agri- 
cultural laborers. In districts where the system of engagements for 
long terms prevails, allowances in kind, such as board and lodging for 
single men, and free cottages, potatoes, fuel, etc., for married men, are 
frequent, while extra cash payments for piecework, harvest work, 
overtime, etc., are few. On the other hand, in the eastern and south- 
ern counties of England, where the engagements are shorter and the 
time wages lower, more piecework is done and extra payments in 
cash at hay and grain harvest and for overtime are the rule, while 
men in charge of animals often receive free cottages, journey money, 
and other allowances. 

In comparing the rates of wages of agricultural laborers in different 
parts of the United Kingdom it is necessary, therefore, to take account 
of all actual earnings, including the extra amounts received in cash 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



95 



from various sources, as well as the value of all allowances in kind. 
The following table shows the average earnings per week, including 
the value of allowances in kind, of agricultural laborers in each divi- 
sion of the United Kingdom in 1898 and 1902: 

AVERAGE EARNINGS PER WEEK, INCLUDING THE VALUE OF ALL ALLOWANCES 
IN KIND, OF AGRICULTURAL LABORERS IN 1898 AND 1902. 

[The averages here shown relate to able-bodied male adults. They do not include the earnings of stewards, 
bailiffs, foremen, or casual laborers. All computations are based on the census returns for 1901.] 



Country. 



England 
Wales.. 
Scotland 
Ireland . 



Ordinary agricultural laborers. 



1S98. 



1902. 



S4. 0757 
4. 0149 
4. 4205 
2. 4739 



S4. 2379 
4. 2784 
4. 7246 
2. 6158 



Increase in 1902, 

as compared 

with 1898. 



Amount. Per cent 



SO. 1622 
.2635 
.3041 

.1419 



3.98 
6.56 
6.88 
5.74 



All classes of 
agricultural 

laborers, 
including or- 
dinary labor- 
ers and men 
in charge of 
animals, 1902. 



S4. 4407 
4. 1973 
4.6840 
2.6563 



The above table shows that there was an increase in earnings in 
1902, as compared with 1898, in all four countries of the United King- 
dom. The greatest increase was in Scotland, where there was a rise 
of 6.88 per cent in the weekly earnings of ordinary farm laborers. 
The earnings in 1902 in each of the four countries were highest near 
the large manufacturing and mining centers. 

Comparative w 7 age statistics for a series of years are also given 
in the report. The longest period covered is from 1850 to 1903, 
the report showing for each year the average weekly cash wages 
paid ordinary laborers on 69 farms in England and Wales, exclusive 
of extra payments for piecework, harvest work, overtime, etc., and 
also of the value of allowances in kind. The wages as thus reported 
increased from 9s. 3^d. ($2.26) per week in 1850 to 14s. 7d. ($3.55) 
per week in 1903, or 57 per cent during fifty-four years. The increase 
occurred chiefly from 1850 to 1874, after which wage rates remained 
almost stationary until 1896, when they resumed an upward ten- 
dency, which continued for the rest of the period. In Ireland the 
average cash w T ages reported for 10 farms increased from 5s. 10Jd. 
($1.43) per week in 1850 to 10s. 8d. ($2.60) per week in 1903, or 81.6 
per cent. 

Information as to the weekly quantity and value of food consumed 
by farm laborers and their families is presented for each of the 
countries of England, Scotland, and Ireland. This information is 
based on returns furnished by landowners, farmers, clergymen, 
local government officials, and other persons who made investiga- 
tions in the districts in which they reside. The particulars given 
were compiled after careful inquiry among a large number of farm 



96 WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 

laborers and their wives, and they represent the ordinary expendi- 
ture for food by farm laborers in the districts to which the returns 
relate. 

According to the figures shown in the report, the average value 
of the food consumed weekly by a farm laborer, his wife, and four 
children is 13s. 6Jd. ($3.30) in England, 15s. 2|d. ($3.70) in Scotland, 
and 10s. 5fd. ($2.55) in Ireland. These figures represent the actual 
value of all food consumed, including articles produced at home or 
given as allowances in addition to money payments, the values in 
all cases being based on prevailing retail prices. 

Some information is also given as to the expenditure for rent, 
clothing, fuel, tobacco, and alcohol. In purely rural districts in 
England and Wales the rents usually paid vary from Is. ($0.24) to 
2s. ($0.49) a week, Is. 6d. ($0.37) a week being the rate most fre- 
quently paid. In the neighborhood of towns or collieries, however, 
the rents are higher. In Ireland the .most usual rent for laborers' 
cottages in rural districts is Is. ($0.24) per week. In Scotland 
married farm servants ordinarily receive their cottages free of rent 
as part payment of their wages. Employers there usually value 
the rentals of such cottages at between £3 ($14.60) and £5 ($24.33) 
a year. 



UNITED KINGDOM. 

EARNINGS AND HOURS OF LABOR IN BRITISH TEXTILE 

INDUSTRIES. 

[From Bulletin 83, July, 1909, of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

The first of a series of reports, in which the results of a general 
inquiry into earnings and hours of labor in all trades in the United 
Kingdom will be dealt with, has recently been published under the 
title — Report of an Inquiry by the Board of Trade into the Earnings 
and Hours of Labor of Work People of the United Kingdom: I. — 
Textile Trades in 1906. The object of this inquiry was to ascer- 
tain the amount actually earned by all classes of work people in a 
selected week, industry by industry, occupation by occupation, and 
district by district, and to obtain means of estimating their annual 
earnings. 

GENERAL SUMMARY. 

Of the different groups of trades, the textile trades are of special 
interest, owing to the fact that in these trades both men and 
women are employed in large numbers and in some cases on work of 
a similar character. The total number of work people employed in 
the textile trades in factories and workshops in 1904 was 1,171,216, 
of which number 80 per cent were employed in England and Wales, 
13 per cent in Scotland, and 7 per cent in Ireland. 

In the following table is shown the number of persons employed in 
each of the textile trades as shown by the factory and workshop 
returns for 1904, the number of work people covered by the returns 
received in the present inquiry, and the percentage of the total num- 
ber employed in 1904 represented by the returns : 

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES IN 1904 AND PER CENT OF 
TOTAL IN EACH INDUSTRY FOR WHOM RETURNS WERE RECEIVED IN 1906. 



Industry. 



Cotton 

Woolen and worsted 

Linen 

Jute 

Silk 

Hosiery 

Lace 

Bleaching, printing, dyeing, and finishing 

Total (including textile industries not specified) 
48310— S. Doc. 631, 61-2 7 





Employees covered 




by returns received in 




present inquiry 


Number of 


(1906). 


employees in 






1904. 


Per cent 




»»-"»• IX'S 




1 in 1904. 


523,030 


212,807 


40.7 


263, 770 


122,390 


46.4 


95,950 


44,493 


46.4 


41,258 


17,446 


42.3 


30, 184 


9,740 


32.3 


41,212 


20,672 


50.2 


26,744 


8,360 


31.3 


110,946 


55,041 


49.6 


1,171,216 


512,598 


43.8 



97 



98 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



An inquiry of similar character was made in 1885. The changes 
in the numbers employed in the various industries since that time are 
of interest, especially since the number of half timers (those children 
under 14 years of age who are permitted to work but part of a day) 
has decreased materially. The numbers employed in textile factories 
are given in the following table for the years 1885 and 1904 : 

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES, BY CLASSES, 1885 AND 1904. 





Adults and young 
persons. (o) 


Half timers. 


Total (counting 2 half timers 
as 1 full timer). 


Industry. 


1885. 


1904. 


1885. 


1904. 


1885. 


1904. 


Per cent 
of increase 

(+) or de- 
crease ( — ). 


Cotton 


454,077 
258, 619 
102,912 
37, 353 
39,800 
19,212 
15,334 


505,379 
253, 189 
92, 086 
40, 485 
29,226 
36,273 
18,512 


49, 992 

23, 636 

8,925 

4,321 

3,195 

324 

552 


17,651 

8,612 

3,793 

773 

685 

63 

76 


479,073 

270,437 
107,374 
39,514 
41,398 
19,374 
15,610 


514,204 

257,495 
93982 
40,871 
29,569 
36,305 
18,550 


+ 7.3 


Woolen and worsted 


- 4.8 


Linen 


-12.5 


Jute 


+ 3.4 


Silk 


—28.6 


Hosiery 


+87.4 


Lace 


+18.8 






Total (including textile 
industries not speci- 
fied) 


942, 610 


994, 634 


91,651 


31,744 


988,436 


1,010,506 


+ 2.2 







a Young persons' include persons 14 and under 18 years of age, and may also include 
persons 13 years of age who have obtained from the board of education a certificate of 
proficiency or attendance at school. 

Of the total number of employees for whom information was 
obtained, 31.7 per cent were males 20 years of age and over, classi- 
fied in the report as " men." The average earnings of men who 
worked full time in the various textile industries in the last week of 
September, 1906, and the percentage whose earnings fell within each 
specified wage group are shown in the following table: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF MEN IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 
1906, IN EACH TEXTILE INDUSTRY, AND PER CENT OF MEN WHOSE EARN- 
INGS WERE IN EACH SPECIFIED WAGE GROUP. 





Aver- 
age 
earn- 
ings. 


Per cent of men working full time whose earn- 
ings were — 


Industry. 


Under 

$4.87. 


$4.87 

and 

under 

$7.30. 


$7.30 

and 

under 

$9.73. 


$9.73 

and 

under 

$12.17. 


$12.17 

and 

under 

$14.60. 


$14.60 
and 
over. 


Cotton 


$7.18 
6.53 
5.43 
5.25 
6.25 
7.64 
9.61 
6.47 
6.16 
6.45 
5.78 
7.36 
5.17 
6.25 
5.86 
6.73 


16.0 
15,2 
44.4 
49.1 
19.4 
11.5 

6.2 
19.4 
22.3 
16.8 
15.8 

7.9 
51.2 
22.7 
23.7 
16.8 


43.7 
52.2 
36.7 
36.0 
54.0 
33.6 
25.3 
49.7 
50.9 
53.4 
71.0 
47.0 
33.2 
48.5 
55.3 
54.4 


21.3 
26.2 
13.6 
13.4 
23.0 
34.3 
24.4 
23.4 
21.9 
22.9 
9.4 
29.0 
10.3 
22.1 
19.6 
16.6 


14.4 
4.1 
3.5 
1.3 
2.6 

14.1 

19.0 
5.5 
3.6 
4.8 
2.5 

12.0 
2.5 
4.9 
1.4 
6.4 


4.1 

1.1 

1.0 

.2 

.6 

4.7 

11.9 

1.6 

.7 

1.5 

1.0 

3.3 

2.1 

1.6 


0.5 


Woolen and worsted 


1.2 


Linen 


.8 


Jute 




Silk 


.4 


Hosiery 


1.8 


Lace 


13.2 


Carpet 


.4 


Hemp 


.6 


Small wares 


.6 


Flock and shoddy 


.3 


Elastic web 


.8 




.7 


Other textile 


.2 






Bleaching, printing, etc 


2.4 


3.4 






Total 


6.83 


18.4 


46.3 


21.3 


9.6 


3.0 


1.4 




■ 



WAGES AND PKICES OF COMMODITIES. 



99 



Of the total number of employees for whom information was ob- 
tained, 44 per cent were females 18 years of age and over, classified 
as " women." The average earnings of women who worked full time 
in the various textile industries in the last week of September, 1906, 
and the percentage whose earnings fell within each specified wage 
group are shown in the following table : 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF WOMEN IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEM- 
BER, 1906, IN EACH TEXTILE INDUSTRY, AND PER CENT OF WOMEN WHOSE 
EARNINGS WERE IN EACH SPECIFIED WAGE GROUP. 





Aver- 
age 
earn- 
ings. 


Per cent of women working full time 
earnings were — 


whose 


Industry. 


Under 
$2.43. 


$2.43 

and 

under 

$3.65. 


$3.65 

and 

under 

$4.87. 


$4.87 

and 

under 

$6.08. 


$6.08 

and 

under 

$7.30. 


$7.30 
and 
over. 


Cotton 


$4.54 
3.37 
2.62 
3.26 
2.72 
3.47 
3.26 
3.33 
2.66 
2.78 
2.98 
2.84 
2.27 
3.31 
2.64 
3.00 


3.0 

10.7 
41.7 
6.2 
38.9 
14.5 
18.1 
15.3 
47.1 
32.2 
10.9 
21.8 
51.9 
18.3 
47.1 
27.0 


20.9 
55.6 
49.1 
66.4 
47.8 
44.4 
49.3 
49.8 
39.6 
53.0 
75.9 
65.5 
45.3 
44.5 
41.7 
51.6 


35.4 

24.7 
8.5 
25.9 
11.4 
30.3 
25.1 
28.2 
10.5 
13.7 
12.8 
12.3 
2.8 
30.3 
6.8 
15.6 


29.9 

7.6 

.6 

1.4 

1.6 

9.1 

5.7 

6.5 

2.6 

1.0 

.4 

.4 


9.fi 

1.2 

.1 

.1 

.3 

1.4 

1.3 

.2 

.1 


1.2 


Woolen and worsted 


.2 


Linen 




Jute 




Silk 




Hosiery 


.3 


Lace 


.5 


Carpet 




Hemp 


.1 


Small wares 


.1 


Flock and shoddy 




Elastic web 






Hair 






Other textile 


6.1 
3.7 

5.3 


.7 
.7 
.3 


.1 


Fustian and cord cutting 




Bleaching, printing, etc 


.2 






Total 


3.75 


13.3 


38.8 


26.9 


15.8 


4.6 


.6 







The average earnings of males under the age of 20 years, classified 
in the report as " lads and boys," and of females under 18 years of 
age, classified as " girls," in the last week of September, 1906, are 
shown in the following table : 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF LADS AND BOYS AND OF GIRLS IN EACH 
TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906. 





Average earnings of— 


Industry. 


Lads and boys. 


Girls. 




Full 
timers. 


Half 
timers. 


Full 
timers. 


Half 

timers. 


Cotton 


$3.08 
2.47 
2.05 
2.76 
2.17 
2.29 
3.08 
2.31 
2.. 07 
1.89 
2.84 
2.60 
1.80 
2.31 
2.39 
2.64 


$0.85 

.89 

.81 

1.05 

.73 


$2.68 
2.25 
1.78 
2.43 
1.64 
1.89 
1.72 
1.89 
1.72 
1.54 
2.13 
1.58 
1.70 
1.72 
1.99 
2.01 


$0.73 


Woolen and worsted 


.89 


Linen 


.83 


Jute 


.99 


Silk 


.65 


Hosiery 


.65 


Lace 






Carpet 


.87 
.67 
.63 


.79 


Hemp x 


.75 


Small wares 


.59 


Flock and shoddy. . . . 




Elastic web 






Hair 






Other textile 


.93 


.79 


Fustian and cord cutting 




Bleaching, printing, etc 


.79 


.77 






Total 


2.76 


.87 


2.33 


. .81 







100 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



The number of lads and boys formed 11 per cent and the number 
of girls 13.3 per cent of the total number of employees for whom 
information was received. 

Particulars were obtained for each industry as to the total amount 
paid in wages in 1906 by the firms making returns, and the total 
amount paid in wages and the total number of persons receiving 
wages in one week in each month. From these data the following 
table was computed, showing the average earnings per head in the 
textile industries for the year 1906 : 

AVERAGE ANNUAL EARNINGS PER HEAD IN EACH TEXTILE INDUSTRY, 1906. 



Industry. 



Cotton 

Woolen and worsted 

Linen 

Jute 

Silk 

Hosiery 

Lace 

Carpet 

Hemp 



Average 
annual , 
earnings 
per head 
in 1906. 



$233. 59 
194. 66 
143. 56 
167. 89 
167. 89 
187. 36 
265. 22 
197. 09 
175. 19 



Industry. 



Small wares 

Flock and shoddy 

Elastic web 

Hair 

Other textile 

Fustian and cord cutting 
Bleaching, printing, etc . . 

Total 



Average 
annual 
earnings 
per head 
in 1906. 



$143. 56 
226. 29 
180.06 
148. 43 
189. 79 
148. 43 
265. 22 



211.69 



Eeturns furnished by employers in 1886, giving the rates of wages 
of their work people for a full week, have been compared with those 
furnished in the present inquiry. In making such comparison 
several important factors should be taken into consideration — the 
state of depression and unemployment in 1886, the improvements 
of machinery and processes by which operatives are enabled to 
increase their output and earnings, and the diminution in the number 
of half-timers employed. 

The following table shows the average earnings of men and 
women in a full week in 1886 and 1906, compared, and the per cent 
of increase in the 20 years: 



AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN THE 
TEXTILE INDUSTRIES IN ONE WEEK, 1886 AND 1906. 



PRINCIPAL 





Average earnings of— 


Industry. 


Men. 


Women. 


1886. 


1906. 


Per 
cent of 
increase. 


1886. 


1906. 


Per 

cent of 
increase. 


Cotton 


$5.74 
5.66 
4.81 
4.70 
5.60 


$7.02 
6.53 
5.43 
5.25 
6.18 


22 
15 
13 
12 
11 


$3.65 
3.06 
2.17 
2.33 
2.51 


$4.54 
3.37 
2.62 
3.26 
2.80 


24 


Woolen and worsted 


10 


Linen 


21 


Jute 


40 


Silk 


11 






All textile industries 


5.58 


6.71 


20 


3.10 


3.79 


22 







The number of work people reported in each industry whose hours 
of labor for a full week were in each specified group and the average 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



101 



number of hours constituting a full week in each industry are shown 
in the following table : 

NUMBER OF WORK PEOPLE REPORTED AS WORKING EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER 
OF HOURS PER WEEK, AND AVERAGE HOURS IN A FULL WEEK, BY INDUS- 
TRIES, 1906. 



Industry. 



Cotton 

Woolen and worsted 

Linen 

Jute 

Silk 

Hosiery 

Lace 

Carpet 

Hemp 

Small wares 

Flock and shoddy 

Elastic web 

Hair 

Other textile 

Fustian and cord cutting. . 
Bleaching, printing, etc 



Number of work people whose hours of labor for a full week were— 



52* 

and 

under. 



309 
899 

588 



1,157 

4,113 

1,858 

175 

1,333 

750 

181 

473 

66 

1,047 

27 

1,499 



53 

to 

53*. 



125 
380 

787 



687 

1,604 

994 

50 

354 

1,010 

38 



20 

2 

146 



54 

to 

54*. 



798 

248 

61 



495 
3,684 
1,088 
234 
412 
465 



40 

40 

221 



10, 922 



55 
to 

55*. 



194,088 

96,616 

41,285 

13,247 

6,748 

9,692 

1,802 

5,253 

4,561 

3,063 

1,131 

780 

756 

2,504 

277 

18, 072 



56 

to 

56*. 



126 
3,039 
134 
39 
114 
557 
666 
332 
522 
100 
574 



28 

104 

107 

12, 455 



57 

to 

57*. 



10 

312 

3 



61 
7 

97 

3 

101 

5 

1 



45 
628 



58 
to 

58*. 



61 

2,404 
3 
4 
7 

10 

44 

1 

24 

6 

106 

3 

9 

342 

372 

2,429 



59 

to 

59*. 



15 

561 

1 

2 

1 



11 
"74 



114 
..... 



78 
3,388 



60 

to 

60*. 



382 
713 

16 
7 

11 

15 

42 
8 

26 
7 

47 
2 
3 
5 

53 
1,610 



61 
and 
over. 



131 

57 

36 

1 

6 



137 

2 

11 



6 



1 
130 



Aver- 
age 

hours 
In a 
full 

week. 



55.5 
55.6 
55.1 
55.0 
54.5 
53.9 
53.2 
55.3 
54.1 
55.6 
55.7 
53.4 
54.9 
54.2 
57.1 
55.7 



THE COTTON INDUSTRY. 

The cotton industry is the most important of the textile industries 
of the United Kingdom, since it furnishes employment to nearly 
45 per cent of the total number of operatives employed in these in- 
dustries. 

In the following table is given an analysis of the returns for each 
district in Lancashire and Cheshire showing the percentage numbers 
and earnings of men engaged as spinners, big piecers, or weavers in 
the last week of September, 1906 : 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, 
OF ALL MEN IN THE COTTON INDUSTRY AND OF MEN IN CERTAIN OCCUPA- 
TIONS IN THE INDUSTRY IN THE VARIOUS DISTRICTS OF LANCASHIRE AND 
CHESHIRE. 





Aver- 
age full- 
time 
earn- 
ings 
of all 
men. 






Average ea 


rnings of— 








Spinners. 


Big piecers. 


Weavers. 


Other 


men. 


District. 


Per 

cent of 

total 

number 

of men. 


Aver- 
age 
earn- 
ings. 


Per 
cent of 

total 
number 
of men. 


Aver- 
age 
earn- 
ings. 


Per 
cent of 

total 
number 
of men. 


Aver- 
age 
earn- 
ings. 


Per 
cent of 

total 
number 
of men. 


Aver- 
age 
earn- 
ings. 


Leigh 


$8.48 
7.85 
7.79 
7.71 
7.60 
7.28 
7.20 
6.93 
6.83 
6.75 
6.65 
6.33 


38 

15 

32 

33 

30 

23 

1 

13 

19 

10 

9 

7 


$11.56 

11.44 

11.13 

10.18 

10.18 

10.04 

7.10 

9.55 

8.29 

10.00 

7.10 

7.48 


20 
8 
19 
24 
20 
13 


$3.79 
3.89 
3.81 
4.77 
4.44 
4.62 






42 
77 
44 
43 
46 
51 
34 
52 
41 
53 
36 
42 


$7.85 


Manchester 






7.58 


Bolton 


5 


$6.08 


7.08 


Oldham 


7.42 


Ashton-under-Lyne 


4 
13 
65 
29 
36 
29 
53 
47 


5.33 
5.58 
6.71 
5.78 
5.45 
5.68 
6.02 
5.84 


7.48 


Stockport 


7.08 


Burnley 


8.19 


Preston 


6 
4 
8 
2 
4 


4.34 
4.58 
4.89 
4.58 
4.91 


7.32 


Accrington 


7.69 


Rochdale 


7.06 


Blackburn 


7.62 


Bacup 


7.00 







102 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



The average earnings of all women and of weavers and of other 
women in the principal districts of Lancashire and Cheshire in the 
last week of September, 1906, are shown in the table following : 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, OF 
ALL WOMEN IN THE COTTON INDUSTRY AND OF WEAVERS AND OF OTHER 
WOMEN IN THE INDUSTRY IN THE VARIOUS DISTRICTS OF LANCASHIRE 
AND CHESHIRE. 



District. 



Average 

full-time 

earnings of 

all women. 



Average earnings of- 



Weavers. 



Per cent 

of total 

number of 

women. 



Average 
earnings. 



Other women. 



Per cent 

of total 

number of 

women. 



Average 
earnings. 



Burnley 

Blackburn 

Accrington 

Preston 

Bacup 

Rochdale 

Stockport 

Oldham 

Ashton-under-Lyne 

Bolton 

Leigh 

Manchester 



$5.80 
5.29 
4.93 
4.79 
4.60 
4.58 
4.54 
4.50 
4.34 
4.06 
3.87 
3.59 



78 
67 
77 
70 
62 
55 
41 
12 
49 
28 
45 
35 



$6.06 
5.72 
5.09 
4.97 
4.95 
4.79 
5.11 
4.36 
4.40 
4.56 
4.28 
3.89 



22 
33 
23 
30 
38 
45 
59 
88 
51 
72 
55 
65 



$4.68 
4.36 
4.40 
4.34 
3.97 
4.30 
4.08 
4.52 
4.28 
3.85 
3.51 
3.43 



More than one-fourth of the men and nearly one-half of the boys 
engaged in the cotton industry are included in the group known as 
mule-spinners and piecers. The work of the latter is almost identical 
with that of the spinner. He is usually less expert, however, and 
has no responsibility. The average net earnings of spinners working 
full time, after deducting the wages of their piecers, are given in 
the following table. The number of counts is determined by the 
number of hanks, 840 yards in length, necessary to weigh 1 pound. 

NUMBER AND AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEP- 
TEMBER, 1906, OF SPINNERS IN THE COTTON INDUSTRY, BY DISTRICTS. 



District. 



Number of spinners and their average earnings. 



Counts below 
40s. 



Spin- 
ners. 



Earn- 
ings. 



Counts 40s. to 
80s. 



Spin- 
ners. 



Earn- 
ings. 



Counts above 
80s. 



Bpin- 
ners. 



Earn- 
ings. 



All counts. 



Spin- 
ners. 



Earn- 
ings. 



Lancashire and Cheshire: 
Ashton-under-Lyne . . 

Oldham 

Bolton 

Leigh 

Manchester 

Stockport 

Preston 

Blackburn 

Accrington 

Burnley 

Bacup 

Rochdale 



766 

1,979 

136 



10.14 
10.75 



352 
1,134 
1,125 

317 



$11. 25 
10.24 
10.95 
11.68 



44 
421 
195 

565 

28 



10.73 
9.10 
9.21 
7.08 
8.05 



172 
193 

69 
237 

72 



11.66 
9.45 
7.30 
8.31 
6.77 



151 
60 
553 
143 
160 
54 
140 



$10. 20 
10.44 
11.56 
11.31 
11.56 
12.00 
10.18 



197 
439 



7.48 
9.67 



248 



10.42 



1,269 

3,173 

1,814 

477 

226 

647 

528 

634 

265 

83 

197 

704 



$10. 18 

10.18 

11.13 

11.56 

11.44 

10.04 

9.55 

v 7.10 

8.29 

7.10 

7.48 

10.00 



All Lancashire and Cheshire. 

Yorkshire 

United Kingdom 



4,864 

145 

5,058 



9.45 

7.87 
9.37 



3,963 

54 

4,017 



10.46 

7.97 

10.42 



1,278 



11.19 



1,282 



11.19 



10, 105 

203 

10,357 



10.06 

7.91 

10.02 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



103 



More than one-third of the employees in the cotton industry are 
weavers. In the following table the number and full-time earnings 
per head and per loom of men and women weavers are shown accord- 
ing to the number of looms tended : 

NUMBER OF MEN AND WOMEN WEAVERS IN THE COTTON INDUSTRY, AND 
AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS IN ONE WEEK, PER HEAD AND PER LOOM, 
1906. 





Men. 


Women. 


Number of looms tended. 


Number. 


Average earnings — 


Number. 


Average earnings — 




Per bead. 


Per loom. 


Per head. 


Per loom. 


Three looms 


1,475 

12,253 

1,891 


$4.74 
6.06 
7.99 


$1.58 
1.52 
1.34 


16,121 

26,057 

168 


$4.30 
5.70 
7.44 


$1.44 


Four looms 


1.42 


Six looms 


1.24 







Practically all weavers are paid on a piece basis. When engaged 
on similar work, men and women are paid at exactly the same piece 
rates. On the average, however, women tend fewer looms than men, 
and, as shown by the above table, their earnings per loom are slightly 
lower than those of men. The lower earnings of women are due to 
the greater proportion engaged on narrow looms at a lower rate, the 
greater dependence for assistance upon the mechanic, and to the more 
general employment of helpers. 

The full-time earnings of men and women weavers in the different 
districts are given in the following table: 



AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, OF 
MEN AND WOMEN WEAVERS IN THE COTTON INDUSTRY, BY DISTRICTS. 





Average earnings of — 


District. 


Men. 


Women. 




3-Ioom 

weavers. 


4-1 oom 

weavers. 


6-loom 

weavers. 


All 
weavers. 


3-loom 
weavers. 


4-loom 
weavers. 


All 

weavers. 


Lancashire and Cheshire: 

Ashton-under-Lyne 


$4.46 


$5.80 




$5.33 


$4.36 
4.04 
4.44 
3.83 
3.73 
4.50 
4.58 
4.54 
4.48 
4.85 
4.22 
4.14 


$5.23 
5.17 
5.56 
4.87 
4.87 
5.39 
5.62 
6.02 
5.68 
6.14 
5.60 
5.50 


$4.40 


Oldham 




4.36 


Bolton 


4.10 


6.04 




6.08 


4.56 


Leigh 




4.28 


Manchester 










3.89 


Stockport 


6.53 
4.66 
4.62 
4.22 
4.91 
4.44 
5.05 


5.66 
6.04 
6.18 
5.96 
6.31 
5.92 
5.68 




5.58 
5.78 
6.02 
5.45 
6.71 
5.84 
5.68 


5.11 


Preston 




4.97 


Blackburn 


$7.81 


5.72 


Accrington 


5.09 


Burnley 


8.15 
7.34 
7.52 


6-06 


Bacup 


4.95 


Rochdale 


4.79 






All Lancashire and Cheshire 

Yorkshire 


4.74 


6.10 
5.50 
6.06 


8.01 
7.81 
7.99 


6.16 
5.64 
6.14 


4.32 
4.60 
4.30 


5.72 
5.47 
5.70 


5.07 
4.91 


United Kingdom 


4.74 


5.01 







104 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



In the following table a comparison is made of the average wages 
of men and women working full time in certain important occupa- 
tions in 1886 and 1906 : 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN THE PRINCIPAL 
OCCUPATIONS OF THE COTTON INDUSTRY IN ONE WEEK, 1886 AND 1906. 



Sex and occupation. 


Average 

earnings in 

one week 

in— 


Per 
cent 
of in- 
crease. 


Sex and occupation. 


Average 

earnings in 

one week 

in— 


Per 
cent 
of in- 




1886. 


1906. 


1886. 


1906. 


crease. 


Men: 

Grinders 


$4.91 

7.46 
8.64 
3.45 
6.10 
5.05 

4.01 
5.07 
6.47 


$7.12 

9.85 
11.19 
4.32 
7.52 
6.23 

4.74 
6.06 
7.99 


45 

32 
30 
25 
23 
23 

18 
20 
24 


Women: 

Frame tenters 


$3.71 
2.92 
3.02 
3.02 
4.42 

3.87 
4.85 
6.39 


$4.74 
3.65 
3.35 
3.73 
5.23 

4.30 
5.70 
7.44 


28 


Spinners— 

Below 80 counts 


Ring or throstle spinners. 
Reelers. 


25 
11 


Above 80 counts 


Winders 


23 


Big piecers 


Beam warpers 


18 


Drawers in 


Weavers — 

3 looms 




Twisters in 


11 


Weavers — 


4 looms 


18 


3 looms 


6 looms 


17 


4 looms 






6 looms 









THE WOOLEN AND WOESTED INDUSTRY. 

The woolen and worsted industry is, next to the cotton industry, 
the most important of those considered in this report. The average 
full-time earnings in the last week of September, 1906, of operatives 
are shown in the following table: 



AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF OPERATIVES OF EACH CLASS IN THE 
WOOLEN AND WORSTED INDUSTRY IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, 
BY DISTRICTS. 





Average earnings of— 


District. 


Men. 


Lads and boys. 


Wo- 
men. 


Girls. 


All 




Full 
timers. 


Half 
timers. 


Full 
timers. 


Half 
timers. 


work 
people. 


Huddersfield 


$6.65 
7.10 
6.61 
6.33 
6.61 
6.37 
6.57 


$2.72 
2.53 
2.70 
2.33 
2.37 
2.49 
2.35 


$0.77 
.87 
.81 
.77 
.91 
.93 
.83 


$4.16 
3.35 
3.65 
3.00 
3.06 
3.28 
3.14 


$2.35 
2.19 
2.41 
2.19 
2.29 
2.47 
1.89 


$0.79 
.89 
.73 
.79 
.89 
.99 
.85 


$4.89 


Leeds 


3.87 


Dewsbury and Batley 


4.36 


Halifax 


3.16 


Bradford 


3.39 


Keighley 


3.41 


Rest of West Riding of Yorkshire 


3.83 






All Yorkshire 


6.63 


2.49 


.89 


3.37 


2.31 


.89 


3.83 






West of England 


5.29 
6.71 
5.82 
6.04 


2.27 
2.56 
2.17 
2.35 


.85 

.73 
.77 


2.74 
4.50 
2.84 
3.14 


2.07 
2.07 
1.78 
1.89 


.77 
.77 


3.39 


Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Peebles 


4.79 


Rest of Scotland 


3.41 


Rest of United Kingdom 


3.63 






United Kingdom 


6.53 


2.47 


.89 


3.37 


2.25 


.89 


3.83 







WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



105 



In the following table is shown the percentage of the number of 
men in several occupations whose earnings fell within the specified 
limits in the last week of September, 1906 : 

PER CENT OF MEN IN SEVERAL OCCUPATIONS OF THE WOOLEN AND WORSTED 
INDUSTRY WHOSE EARNINGS IN THE LAST WEEK IN SEPTEMBER, 1906, WERE 
WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS. 





Per cent of men working full 
time whose earnings were — 


Occupation. 


Under 
$4.87 


$4.87 

and 

under 

$7.30. 


$7.30 

and 

under 

$9.73. 


$9.73 
and 
over. 


Teazers and williers 


18.3 
12.3 
17.1 


81.4 
87.3 
57.4 


0.3 

.4 

23.6 




Scribblers or f ettlers 




Woolen weavers 


1.9 






All men 


15.2 


52.2 


26.2 


6.4 







The average weekly earnings of women weavers working full time 
are shown in the following table: 

AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS OF WOMEN WEAVERS IN THE WOOLEN AND 
WORSTED INDUSTRY WORKING FULL TIME IN FOUR WEEKS IN SEPTEMBER- 
OCTOBER, 1906, BY DISTRICTS. 



District. 



Average weekly earnings of- 



W omen woolen 
weavers. 



Women worsted 
weavers. 



lloom. 2 looms, lloom. 2 looms 



All 

women 
weav- 
ers. 



Huddersfield 

Leeds 

Dewsbury and Batley 

Halifax 

Bradford 

Keighley 

Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Peebles. 



All districts (including those not specified) . 



$4.74 
3.41 
3.73 
3.63 



4.89 



3.85 



$4.85 
4.20 



$3.61 



3.43 
3.26 
3.39 



$3.47 
3.37 
3.53 



3.73 



4.04 



3.41 



$4.79 
3.53 
3.73 
3.51 
3.37 
3.79 
4.89 



3.71 



106 



WAGES A2TD PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



In the following table the percentage of women whose earnings in 
the last week of September, 1906, fell in each specified class is shown 
for all women in the woolen and worsted industry and for those in 
each of the principal occupations: 

PER CENT OF WOMEN IN SEVERAL OCCUPATIONS OF THE WOOLEN AND 
WORSTED INDUSTRY WHOSE EARNINGS IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 
1906, WERE WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS. 





Kind of 
work. 


Per cent of women working full time 
whose earnings were — 


Occupation. 


Under 
$2.43. 


$2.43 

and 

under 

$3.65. 


$3.65 

and 

under 

$4.80. 


$4.80 
and over. 


Woolen weavers 


Piece 

...do 


6.7 

4.9 

8.8 

12.3 

3.9 

6.6 

46.9 

10.9 

5.9 

17.0 

13.5 

5.7 

12.1 

2.4 


40.8 
34.4 
56.2 
70.7 
86.3 
93.2 
53.1 
89.0 
54.8 
78.6 
53.4 
66.0 
43.2 
21.6 


35.0 
39.4 
31.3 
16.9 
9.8 
.2 


17.5 


Worsted weavers ( 1 loom) 


21.3 


Worsted weavers (2 looms) 


...do 


3.7 


Scribblers' feeders and condenser minders 

Combers 


Time.... 
...do 


.1 


Drawers 


...do 




Worsted spinners 


...do 




Doublers 


/..do.... 

\ Piece 

/Time.... 

\Piece 

/Time.... 

\ Piece 

...do 


.1 

31.5 

4.0 

23.5 

27.7 
34.9 
46.2 






Winders 


7.8 
.4 


Burlers and knotters 


9.6 
.6 


Menders and fine drawers 


9.8 

29.8 








All women 




10.7 


55.6 


24.7 


9.0 









For the purpose of comparing the earnings in 1906 with those in 
1886 the following table is given, showing the per cent of increase 
in the average full-time earnings of men and women in the leading 
occupations : 



AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN THE PRINCIPAL 
OCCUPATIONS OF THE WOOLEN AND WORSTED INDUSTRY IN ONE WEEK, 
1886 AND 1906. 



Sex and occupation. 


Kind 
of work. 


Average 

earnings in 

one week 

in — 


Per 
cent 
of in- 
crease. 


Sex and occupation. 


Kind 
of work. 


Average 

earnings in 

one week 

in — 


Per 

cent 
of in- 




1886. 


1906. 


1886. 


1906. 




Men: 


(Time.. 
\Piece.. 
Time.. 

...do.. 

...do.. 


$6.33 
6.77 
4.81 

4 81 

3.81 
5.43 
6.71 
5.35 
5.96 
5.39 
6.20 
5.11 

2.74 


$7.22 
7.71 
5.33 

5.45 

4 26 
5.98 
7.93 
5.80 
7.00 
5.96 
6.59 
6.25 

3.08 


14 
14 
11 

14 

12 
10 
18 

8 
17 
11 

6 
22 

13 


Women — concluded . 
Combers 


Time . 
...do .. 


$2.58 
2.31 
2.43 
2.90 
2.01 
2.35 
2.98 
2.35 
2.88 

3.49 
3.31 
2.72 
2.88 
3.24 
3.47 


$3.00 
2.66 
2.68 
3.41 
2.29 
2.66 
3.53 
2.66 
3.35 

3.83 
3.59 
3.20 
3.51 
3.63 
4 30 


17 


Wool sorters 


Finishers 


15 


Teazers and willi- 


Drawers 


/..do.. 
\Piece.. 
Time., 
/..do.. 
\Piece. . 
/Time.. 
\Piece. . 

...do.. 


10 


ers. 
Scribblers or fet- 
tlers. 


Worsted spinners. 
Doublers 


17 
14 
13 


Combers 


Winders 


18 


Wool spinners 

Warpers 


/..do.. 
\Piece.. 
/Time.. 
\Piece.. 
/Time.. 
\Piece. . 
...do.. 

Time.. 


13 


Weavers — 

Woolen 


16 
10 






Worsted 


...do .. 


9 


Beamers 


Burlers and knot- 
ters. 

Menders and fine 
drawers. 


/Time.. 
\Piece.. 
/Time.. 
\Piece. . 


18 
22 
12 
24 


Woolen weavers. . . 
Women: 

Scribbler's feeders 
and condenser 
minders. 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



107 



THE LINEN INDUSTRY. 

Of the 95,950 factory and workshop operatives engaged in the 
linen industry in the United Kingdom in 1904, the latest year for 
which the numbers are available, 62,194 were employed in Ireland, 
27,523 in Scotland, and the remaining 6,233 in England and Wales. 

The respective average earnings for men, lads and boys, women, 
girls, and all work people returned as working full time in the 
different districts are shown in the following table : 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF OPERATIVES OF EACH CLASS IN THE 
LINEN INDUSTRY IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, BY DISTRICTS. 





Average earnings of — 


District. 


Men. 


Lads and boys. 


Wom- 
en. 


Girls. 


All 




Full 
timers. 


Half 
timers. 


Full 
timers. 


Half 
timers. 


work 
people. 


Belfast 


$6.37 
4.54 
C. 02 
5.27 
5.96 
5.54 


$2.17 
1.83 
2.11 
2.17 
2.17 
2.05 


$0.89 

.71 

.85 

.97 

1.22 


$2.64 
2.37 
2.90 
2.80 
2.86 
2.64 


$1.93 
1.62 
1.68 
1.87 
2.03 
1.60 


$0.87 
.71 
.91 
.85 
.85 


$2.86 


Rest of Ireland 


2.68 


Fifeshire 


3.26 


Forfarshire 


3.00 


Rest of Scotland 


3.35 


England 


2.96 






United Kingdom 


5.43 


2.05 


.81 


2.62 


1.78 


.83 


2.92 







The various women's occupations account for over 58 per cent of 
the total number returned. Preparers, spinners, reelers, winders, and 
weavers constitute nearly 88 per cent of the total number of women 
returned. The per cent of the number engaged at each occupation 
whose full-time earnings fell within certain specified limits are shown 
in the following table : 

PER CENT OF WOMEN IN SEVERAL OCCUPATIONS OF THE LINEN INDUSTRY 
WHOSE EARNINGS IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, WERE WITHIN 
CERTAIN SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS. 



Occupation. 



Spinners 

Reelers 

Winders 

Weavers (2-loom). 

All women . 



Kind of 
work. 



Time. 
Piece. 
..do.. 
..do.. 



Per cent of women working full time 
whose earnings were— 



Under 
$2.43. 



39.7 
37.9 
36.2 
33.3 

41.7 



$2.43 

and under 

$3.65. 



60.1 
57.6 
51.2 
52.0 

49.1 



$3.65 
and under 

$4.80. 



0.2 

4.4 

11.8 

13.6 

8.5 



$4.80 
and over. 



0.1 

.8 

1.1 

.7 



108 



WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 



The changes which have taken place in the earnings in the prin- 
cipal occupations in the city of Belfast during the period from 1886 
to 1906 are shown in the following table : 



AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN THE PRINCIPAL 
OCCUPATIONS OF THE LINEN INDUSTRY IN ONE WEEK, 1886 AND 1906. 



Sex and occupation. 



Men: 

Roughers $4.50 $5.27 17 

Sorters 5.62 6.39 14 

Women: 

Drawers and back minders 1.66 2.27 37 

Spinners 2.05 2.53 24 

Reelers 2.17 2.74 26 

Winders 2.25 2.74 22 

Weavers 2.29 2.80 22 



Average earnings in 


one week in — 


1886. 


1906. 


84.50 


$5.27 


5.62 


6.39 


1.66 


2.27 


2.05 


2.53 


2.17 


2.74 


2.25 


2.74 


2.29 


2.80 



Per cent 
of in- 
crease. 



THE JUTE INDUSTRY. 

The jute industry is localized in the neighborhood of Dundee, and 
in 1904 gave employment to 41,258 persons. The average full-time 
earnings of men and women in the principal trades and the changes 
since 1886 are indicated in the following table : 



AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN THE PRINCIPAL 
OCCUPATIONS OF THE JUTE INDUSTRY IN ONE WEEK, 1886 AND 1906. 



Sex and occupation. 


Average 

earnings in 

one week 

in — 


Per 

cent 
of in- 
crease. 


Sex and occupation. 


Average 

earnings in 

one week 

in — 


Per 
cent 
of in- 




1886. 


1906. 


1886. 


1906. 


crease. 


Men: 

Foremen and assistant fore- 


$5.52 
3.39 
4.16 
6.00 


$6.49 
3.99 
4.85 
7.52 


18 
18 
17 
25 


Women: 

Carders 


$1.89 
1.87 
2.07 
1.89 
2.01 
2.41 
2.56 
2.94 

2.31 
3.08 


$2.60 
2.76 
2.88 
2.86 
2.98 
3.63 
3.53 
3.93 

3.39 
3.65 


38 


men (time work) 

Batchers 


Drawers 


48 


Rovers 


39 


Calendrers. 


Feeders 


52 


Mechanics 


Ppinnfirs , . , , 


48 




Reelers '. 


50 




Winders 


38 




Warpers 


34 




Weavers: 

1 loom 


46 




2 looms 


18 









WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



109 



THE SILK INDUSTRY. 

According to the factory and workshop returns the number of per- 
sons employed in the silk industry in 1904 was 30,184. Of this num- 
ber 8,743 were males and 21,441 were females, including 685 half- 
timers, of whom 205 were boys and 480 were girls. 

The average earnings of the employees who worked full time in 
the last week of September, 1906, are shown in the following table : 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF OPERATIVES OF EACH CLASS IN THE SILK 
INDUSTRY, IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, BY DISTRICTS. 



District. 



Average earnings of— 



Men. 



Lads and boys. 



Full 
timers. 



Half 
timers. 



Wo- 
men. 



Girls. 



Full 

timers. 



Half 

timers. 



All 
work- 
people. 



Congleton, Leek, and Macclesfield 

Lancashire and Yorkshire 

Eastern counties of England 

Rest of United Kingdom 

United Kingdom 



$5.94 
6.61 
6.59 
6.20 



$2.05 
2.62 
1.93 
1.60 



$0.73 
.73 



.51 



$2.68 
3.10 
2.56 
2.72 



$1.64 
1.97 
1.54 
1.54 



$0.63 
.71 



,59 



$3.20 
3.83 
2.98 
2.51 



6.25 



2.17 



.73 



2.72 



1.64 



.65 



3.20 



Of the men engaged in this industry who worked full time in the 
last week of September, 1906, 19.4 per cent earned less than $4.87, 54 
per cent earned $4.87 and less than $7.30, 23 per cent earned $7.30 and 
less than $9.73, while 3.6 per cent earned $9.73 and over. 

In the following table is shown the percentage of the number of 
women in the two leading occupations whose earnings fell within the 
specified groups: 

PER CENT OF WOMEN SILK WINDERS AND WEAVERS WHOSE EARNINGS IN THE 
LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, WERE WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED WAGE 
GROUPS. 



Occupation. 



Winders (thrown silk) 
Weavers (power loom) 

All women 



Per cent of women working full time 
whose earnings were — 



Under 
$2.43. 



86.3 
26.4 



38.9 



$2.43 

and under 

$3.65. 



13.7 
51.2 



47.8 



$3.65 

and under 

$4.80. 



18.4 



11.4 



$4.80 
and over. 



4.0 



1.9 



110 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



The average full-time earnings in each of the principal occupa- 
tions of both sexes in the Congleton, Leek, and Macclesfield, and 
Lancashire and Yorkshire districts and the changes since 1886 are 
given in the following table: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN THE PRINCIPAL 
OCCUPATIONS OF THE SILK INDUSTRY IN ONE WEEK, 1886 AND 1906. 



Sex and occupation. 



Men: 

Throwsters 

Pickers 

Weavers 

Women: 

Winders (thrown silk). 

Cleaners (thrown silk) . 

Doublers (thrown silk) 

Preparers and carders.. 

Weavers (piecework) . . 



Average earnings 
in one week in — 



1886. 



$4.28 
3.63 
4.85 

1.95 
1.83 
2.19 
2.51 
3.16 



1906. 



$4.60 
4.89 
5.70 

2.17 
2.11 
2.47 
2.74 
3.53 



Per cent 

of 
increase. 



8 
35 
18 

11 
16 
13 
9 
12 



THE HOSIEEY INDUSTKY. 

This industry is strongly localized. About 30,000 work people 
out of the 41,212 reported by the factory and workshop returns were 
employed in Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, and the adjacent parts 
of Derbyshire. Of the total number employed in 1904, 10,336 were 
males and 30,876 were females. The number of half timers was onlv 
78, of which number 62 were girls. 

The average earnings of the 18,855 operatives who worked full 
time in the last week of September, 1906, are shown in the follow- 
ing table: 



AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF OPERATIVES OF EACH CLASS IN THE 
HOSIERY INDUSTRY, IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, BY DISTRICTS. 





Average earnings of— 


District. 


Men. 


Lads and boys. 


Wo- 
men. 


Girls. 


All 




Full 
timers. 


Half 
timers. 


Full 
timers. 


Half 
timers. 


work- 
people. 


Leicester 


$7.69 
7.18 
8.42 
8.27 
6.96 
6.93 


$2.35 
2.21 
2.47 
2.45 
2.13 
1.99 




$3.93 
3.43 
3.39 

2.78 
3.57 
2.82 


$2.05 
2.09 
1.62 
1.58 
1.78 
1.64 


$0.65 


$4.14 


Rest of Leicestershire 


4.01 


Nottingham 


4.24 


Notts and Derbyshire (excluding Nottingham) 
Scotland 


3.51 
3.65 


Rest of United Kingdom 


2.72 






United Kingdom 


7.64 


2.29 




3.47 


1.89 


.65 


3.87 







WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 



Ill 



Since the previous inquiry in 1886 the number of employees in this 
industry has greatly increased, women having increased in numbers 
in greater proportion than men, and girls in greater proportion than 
women. 

The percentage numbers of men, lads and boys, women, and girls 
employed in 1886 and in 1906 were as follows: 

PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES OF EACH CLASS IN THE HOSIERY INDUSTRY IN 1886 

AND IN 1906. 



Sex. 


1886. 


1906. 


Men 


32.9 
4.9 

55.3 
6.9 


19.9 


Lads and boys 


4.5 


Women 


57.0 


Girls . 


18.6 








Total 


100.0 


100.0 







The respective average full-time earnings of all males, all females, 
and of all work people, counting two half timers as one full timer, 
were as follows: 



AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF WORK PEOPLE IN THE HOSIERY INDUSTRY, 
IN ONE WEEK, 1886 AND 1906, BY SEX. 



Sex. 


Average earnings 
in one week in — 


Per cent 

of in- 
crease^) 

or de- 




1886. 


1906. 


crease 
(-)• 


Males 


$5.76 
3.16 


$6.55 
3.06 


+ 14 


Females 


- 3 






Total 


4.14 


3.87 


— 6 







THE LACE INDUSTRY. 

Lace making as a factory industry is confined mainly to one dis- 
trict in England, viz, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, and to one 
in Scotland, viz, Ayrshire. In Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, 
20,625 work people were employed and in Ayrshire, 3,220, in 1904, 
as shown by the factory and workshop returns. Of the 26,744 
employees reported in that year, 12,787 were males and 13,957 were 
females. The number of half timers was 100, of which number 46 
were boys and 54 were girls. 



112 



WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 



The average full-time earnings of the men, lads and boys, women, 
and girls who worked full time in the last week of September, 1906, 
are shown in the following table: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF OPERATIVES OF EACH CLASS IN THE LACE 
INDUSTRY IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, BY DISTRICTS. 



District. 



Average earnings of — 



Men. 



Lads and 
boys.(o) 



Women. 



Girls.(o) 



All work 
people. 



Nottingham 

Rest of Nottinghamshire, Derby, and North Stafford- 
shire 

Rest of England 

Scotland 



$9.53 

10.87 
6.49 
6.89 



$3.20 

3.22 
1.72 
3.02 



$3.63 

3.00 
2.92 
3.22 



United Kingdom . 



9.61 



3.08 



3.26 



$1.66 

1.83 
1.48 
1.83 



1.72 



$5.58 

5.86 
3.45 
4.44 



5.43 



° Full timers ; the number of half timers was insignificant. 



UNITED KINGDOM. 

EARNINGS AND HOURS OF LABOR IN BRITISH CLOTHING 

INDUSTRIES. 

[From Bulletin 86, January, 1910, of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

The second of the series of reports in which the results of a general 
inquiry into earnings and hours of labor in all trades in the United 
Kingdom are to be dealt with, has recently been published under the 
, title, "Report of an inquiry by the Board of Trade into the Earnings 
and Hours of Labor of Work People of the United Kingdom: II. — 
Clothing Trades in 1906." The object of this inquiry is to ascertain 
the amount actually earned by all classes of workpeople in a selected 
week, industry by industry, occupation by occupation, and district 
by district, and to obtain means of estimating their annual earnings. 

GENERAL SUMMARY. 

The term "clothing trades" is used in a broad sense, including, in 
addition to the making of clothing, the manufacture of boots and 
shoes, hats, gloves, corsets, and furs, and dyeing, cleaning, and 
laundering. As shown by the census of 1901 these industries provide 
employment for over 1,500,000 work people. Of this number 81 per 
cent are employed in England and Wales, 9 per cent in Scotland, and 
10 per cent in Ireland. A larger number of women and girls is 
included in these industries than in any other group except domestic 
service. 

It is estimated that in the tailoring and boot and shoe industries 
about 200,000 males and 50,000 females, and in the dressmaking and 
other clothing trades, about 300,000 women and girls are employed 
outside of factories and workshops. The statements of earnings in 
the present report, however, relate only to the earnings of work- 
people employed on the employer's premises. 

In the following table is shown the number of persons employed in 
each of the clothing industries, as shown by the factory and workshop 
returns for 1904, the number of workpeople covered by the returns 
received in the present inquiry, and the percentage of the number 
employed in 1904 represented by the returns: 

113 
48310— S. Doc. 631, 61-2 8 



114 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN CLOTHING INDUSTRIES IN 1904 AND PER CENT OF TOTAL 
IN EACH INDUSTRY FOR WHOM RETURNS WERE RECEIVED IN 1906. 



Industry. 



Number of 

employees 

in 1904. 



Employees covered 
by returns received 
in present inquiry 
(1906). 



Number. 



Per cent 
of num- 
ber em- 
ployed 
in 1904. 



Clothing: 

Dress, millinery, mantle, and corset making 

Tailoring 

Boot and shoe making 

Other 

Total, clothing industries 

Dyeing and cleaning 

Laundering 

Grand total 



245, 389 
149, 821 
124, 192 
155,093 



57, 845 
42,810 
41, 508 
49, 384 



23.6 
28.6 
33.4 
31.8 



674, 495 

9,609 

104, 477 



191, 547 

6,200 

33, 626 



28.4 
64.5 
32.2 



788, 581 



231, 373 



29.3 



Of the total number of employees for whom information wa^ 
secured, 4,703 were unpaid apprentices and 2,503 were workpeople 
receiving board and lodging or partial board in addition to wages. 
Excluding these, 21.8 per cent were males 20 years of age and over, 
classified in the report as "men." The average earnings of men who 
worked full time in the various clothing industries in the last week of 
September, 1906, and the per cent of men whose earnings fell within 
each specified wage group, are shown in the following table: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF MEN IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, 
IN EACH CLOTHING INDUSTRY, AND PER CENT OF MEN WHOSE EARNINGS WERE 
WITHIN EACH SPECIFIED WAGE GROUP. 



Industry. 



Aver- 
age 
earn- 
ings. 



Per cent of men working full time whose earn- 
ings were — 



Under 

$4.87. 



$4.87 

and 

under 

$7.30. 



$7.30 

and 

under 

$9.73. 



$9.73 

and 

under 

$12.17. 



$12.17 

and 

under 

$14.60. 



$14.60 
and 
over. 



Clothing: 

Dress, millinery, etc. (workshop) 

Dress, millinery, etc. (factory) 

Shirts, blouses, underclothing, etc 

Tailoring (custom clothing) 

Tailoring (ready-made clothing) 

Boots and shoes (ready-made) 

Boot, shoe, and clog making (custom 
work) and repairing 

Silk and felt hats 

Leather gloves 

Corsets (factory made) 

Furs 

Straw hats and bonnets 

Other clothing 

Dyeing and cleaning 

Laundry (power) 

Laundry (hand) 

Total 



$12. 39 
7.71 
7.26 
8.15 
7.77 
6.98 

6.63 
8.33 
7.20 
7.04 
8.66 
8.90 
7.36 
7.18 
6.37 
5.47 



5.1 
9.2 
14.1 
5.1 
6.5 
6.5 

10.0 
5.7 
7.6 

13.3 
5.7 
8.3 

10.9 
3.9 
9.8 

25.0 



16.3 
33.5 
38.2 
41.0 

37.8 
52.4 

54.7 
22.8 
45.3 
40.4 
36.8 
25.9 
46.7 
57.4 
63.5 
65.2 



9.2 
39.2 
30.8 
31.8 
36.6 
34.4 

30.8 
44.6 
35.3 
35.5 
29.5 
28.9 
23.2 
28.1 
22.7 
9.3 



15.3 
11.5 
11.1 
11.6 
13.1 
5.2 

4.1 

21.0 

9.6 

8.8 

8.2 

17.5 

11.2 

6.4 

3.6 

.5 



27.6 
4.8 
3.3 
4.1 
2.8 
1.2 

.3 
4.3 

1.7 
1.0 
7.9 
12.2 
4.4 
2.3 
.3 



26.5 
1.8 
2.5 
6.4 
3.2 
.3 

.1 
1.6 

.5 
1.0 
11.9 
7.2 
3.6 
1.9 

.1 



7.34 



7.2 



47.2 



32.7 



8.3 



2.3 



2.3 



Of the total number of wage-earners for whom information was 
obtained, 54.9 per cent were females 18 years of age and over, classi- 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



115 



fied as "women." The average earnings of women who worked full 
time in the various clothing industries in the last week of September, 
1906, and the per cent of women whose earnings fell within each 
specified wage group are shown in the following table: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF WOMEN IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 
1906, IN EACH CLOTHING INDUSTRY, AND PER CENT OF WOMEN WHOSE EARNINGS 
WERE WITHIN EACH SPECIFIED WAGE GROUP. 



industry. 



Clothing: 

Dress, millinery, etc. (workshop) 

Dress, millinery, etc. (factory) 

Shirt, blouse, underclothing, etc 

Tailoring (custom clothing) 

Tailoring (ready-made clothing) 

Boots and shoes (ready-made) 

Boot, shoe, and clog making (custom 
work), and repairing 

Silk and felt hats 

Leather gloves 

Corsets (factory made) 

Furs 

Straw hats and bonnets 

Other clothing 

Dyeing and cleanmg 

Laundry (power) 

Laundry (hand) 

Total 



Aver- 
age 
earn- 
ings. 



83.37 
3.75 
3.24 
3.45 
3.14 
3.18 

3.04 
3.97 
2.94 
2.96 
4.04 
4.83 
3.14 
3.37 
3.12 
3.10 



3.28 



Per cent of women working full time whose 
earnings were — 



Under 
$2.43. 



28.0 
12.6 
22.2 
15.4 
24.0 
12.4 

21.4 

8.1 

25.5 

28.8 

9.4 

10.4 

26.3 

9.3 

20.5 

12.2 



21.6 



$2.43 

and 

under 

$3.65. 



36.2 
39.5 
46.0 
42.4 
46.6 
58.9 

51.8 
35.0 
51.1 
48.3 
29.0 
17.5 
41.4 
55.3 
52.0 
63.8 



45.1 



$3.65 

and 

under 

$4.87. 



21.1 
30.5 
23.5 
29.3 
22.5 
25.2 

17.9 
32.3 
21.5 
19.9 
34.4 
21.6 
24.5 
27.7 
21.1 
20.5 



23.2 



$4.87 

and 

under 

$6.08. 



8.4 
11.4 

6.1 
10.3 

5.5 

2.8 

5.3 

20.5 

1.7 

2.7 

20.1 

27.5 

6.0 

5.5 

4.7 

2.9 



6.8 



$6.08 

and 

under 

$7.30. 



2.6 
3.5 
1.4 
1.6 
1.1 
.6 

1.8 

2.4 

.1 

.3 

4.2 

12.4 



1.0 

1.1 

1.0 

.3 



1.7 



$7.30 
and 
over. 



3.7 

2.5 

.8 

1.0 

.3 

.1 

1.8 

1.7 

.1 



2.9 

10.6 

.8 

1.1 

.7 

.3 



1.6 



The average earnings of males under the age of 20 years, classified 
in the report as "lads and boys," and of females under 18 years of 
age, classified as "girls," in the last week of September, 1906, are 
shown in the following table: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF LADS AND BOYS AND OF GIRLS IN EACH CLOTH- 
ING INDUSTRY IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906. 



Industry. 



Average earnings of— 



Lads and boys. 



Full 
timers. 



Half 

timers. 



Girls. 



Full 
timers. 



Half 
timers. 



Clothing: 

Dress, millinery, etc. (workshop) 

Dress, millinery, etc. (factory) 

Shirt, blouse, underclothing, etc 

Tailoring (custom clothing) 

Tailoring (ready-made clothing) 

Boots and shoes (ready-made) 

Boot, shoe, and clog making (custom work), and repairing 

Silk and felt hats 

Leather gloves 

Corsets (factory made) 

Furs 

Straw hats and bonnets 

Other clothing 

Dyeing and cleanmg 

Laundry (power) 

Laundry (hand) 



$1.97 
2.41 
2.17 
1.68 
2.37 
2.56 
2.01 
3.06 
1.85 
2.51 
2.56 
2.45 
2.76 
2.58 
2.13 
2.31 



.87 



.77 



$0.91 
1.54 
1.64 
1.32 
1.58 
1.66 
1.68 
1.91 
1.44 
1.52 
1.74 
2.72 
1.50 
1.74 
1.58 
1.62 



$0.67 

"*6i 



.81 
.61 



.71 



2.35 



.69 



1.40 



,67 



116 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



The number of lads and boys formed 6 per cent and the number of 
girls 17.3 per cent of the total number of wage-earners for whom 
information was received. 

Particulars were obtained for each industry as to the total amount 
paid in wages in 1906 by the firms making returns, and the total 
amount paid in wages and the total number of persons receiving 
wages in one week in each month. From these data the following 
table was computed, showing the average annual earnings per head 
in the clothing industries for the year 1906: 

AVERAGE ANNUAL EARNINGS PER HEAD IN EACH CLOTHING INDUSTRY, 1906. 



Industry. 


Average 
annual 
earnings 
per head 
in 1906. 


Industry. 


Average 
annual 
earnings 
per head 
in 1906. 


Clothing: 

Dress, millinery, etc. (workshop) 


$146. 00 
167. 89 
148.43 
262. 79 
172. 76 
221. 43 

279. 82 
257. 92 

206. 83 


Clothing — Concluded. 

Corsets (factory made) 


$143. 56 


Dress, millinery, etc. (factory) 


Furs 


284. 69 


Shirt, blouse, underclothing, etc 


Straw hats and bonnets 


211. 69 


Tailoring (custom clothing) 


Other clothing 


155. 73 


Tailoring (ready-made clothing) 


Dyeing and cleaning 


206. 83 


Boots and shoes (ready made) 


Laundry (power) 


155. 73 


Boot, shoe, and clog making (custom 


Laundry (hand) 


141. 13 




Total 




Silk and felt hats 


180. 06 













The number of workpeople reported in each industry whose hours 
of labor for a full week were in each specified group and the average 
number of hours constituting a full week in each industry are 
shown in the following table: 

NUMBER OF WORKPEOPLE REPORTED AS WORKING EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER 
OF HOURS PER WEEK, AND AVERAGE HOURS IN A FULL WEEK, BY INDUSTRIES, 
1906. 



Industry. 



Clothing: 

Dress, millinery, etc. (workshop) 

Dress, millinery, etc. (factory) 

Shirt, blouse, underclothing, etc 

Tailoring (custom clothing) 

Tailoring (ready-made clothing) 

Boots and shoes (ready-made) 

Boot, shoe, and clog making (custom 
work), and repairing 

Silk and. felt hats 

Leather gloves 

Corsets (factory made) 

Furs 

Straw hats and bonnets 

Other clothing 

Dyeing and cleaning 

Laundry (power) 

Laundry (hand) 



Number of workpeople whose hours of labor for a full 
week were — 



Un- 
der 
46. 



309 
789 
2,451 
426 
575 
15 

48 
126 
209 



93 
131 

1,467 
415 



46 
and 
un- 
der 

48. 



1,075 
712 

5,411 
408 

1,354 
153 

23 



340 
233 



57 

2 

728 

230 



48 
and 
un- 
der 
50. 



2,121 
1,924 
6,223 

740 
6,496 

454 

179 
21 
18 

829 

71 

7 

210 

636 
1,469 

127 



50 
and 
un- 
der 

52. 



6,978 
1,295 
8,682 
1,649 
4,881 
2,551 

293 

100 

1,161 

489 

191 

183 

428 

3,815 

2,696 

712 



52 
and 
un- 
der 

54. 



7,755 
1,845 
2,556 
1,411 
5,643 
9,959 

356 
240 
530 
12 
248 
53 

1,132 
354 

1,672 
353 



54 
and 
un- 
der 
56. 



7,536 
1,633 
5,978 
2,389 
1,301 
21,592 

1,063 
210 
115 

1,849 
224 
314 
776 
740 

3,338 
397 



56 
and 
un- 
der 
58. 



5,795 
17 
963 
3,064 
1,440 
2,199 

460 

2,231 

191 



569 
194 
11 
241 
3,558 
351 



58 
and 
un- 
der 
60. 



2,539 
292 
217 
650 
746 
62 

105 
1,080 



53 
37 
390 
44 
1,980 
98 



60 
and 
over. 



503 



144 

897 

298 

21 

182 
1,077 



17 

255 

94 

21 

6,278 

612 



Aver- 
age 

hours 
in a 
full 

week. 



53.4 
50.8 
50.2 
53.8 
51.2 
53.5 

54.0 
56.8 
51.2 
51.6 
53.4 
55.2 
52.9 
51.2 
54.7 
52.7 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



117 



DRESSMAKING, MILLINERY, AND MANTLE-MAKING INDUSTRIES. 

The establishments included in these industries are divided into 
two groups — those in which the work is carried on in workshops and 
those in which the work is carried on in factories with the aid of 
mechanical power. In the returns furnished by the first group are 
included 44,978 workpeople. Excluding those who received board 
and lodging in addition to wages and the apprentices and learners 
who received no wages, there remained 37,772 for whom statistics 
were given. Of this number, 73.2 per cent were women, 26.3 per cent 
were girls, and 0.5 per cent were men and boys. 

In the following table is given an analysis of the returns for each 
district and important city showing the hours constituting a full week 
and the average earnings for women, girls, and all employees working 
full time in the last week of September, 1906: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN WORKSHOPS IN THE DRESS- 
MAKING, MILLINERY, AND MANTLE-MAKING INDUSTRIES IN THE LAST WEEK 
OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, AND AVERAGE HOURS IN A FULL WEEK, BY DISTRICTS. 



District. 



Average full-time earnings of — 



Women. 



Girls. 



All em- 
ployees. 



Average 

hours in 

a full 

week. 



Northern counties and Cleveland 

Yorkshire (excluding Cleveland) 

Lancashire and Cheshire 

Manchester and Liverpool 

North and West Midland counties. . 
South Midland and Eastern counties 
London 

Westminster 

Chelsea and Kensington 

Marylebone and Paddington 

Rest of London 

Southeastern counties 

Southwestern counties 

Wales and Monmouth 

Scotland 

Edinburgh and Glasgow 

Ireland 

Dublin 

Belfast 

United Kingdom 



$3.31 
3.35 
3.37 
3.31 
2.92 
2.62 
4.08 
4.38 
4.10 
4.14 



63 

00 

45 

,53 

,41 

,65 

2.72 

3.04 

2.82 



3.37 



$0.87 

1.10 

.95 

.97 

.77 

.69 

1.10 

1.18 

1.30 

1.18 

.95 

.75 

.59 

.83 

.99 

1.05 

.81 

.79 

.91 



.91 



$2.62 
2.74 
2.76 
2.78 
2.25 



1, 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

2.86 

2.29 

1.76 

2.05 



.93 
.49 

93 
.41 

69 



2.72 



52.8 
54.2 
55.6 
55.5 
53.8 
53.9 
52.8 
52.0 
53.5 
52.0 
53.1 
54.6 
54.5 
54.1 
51.8 
51.5 
52.3 
51.8 
52.0 



53.4 



The highest paid women in the workshops where dresses and man- 
tles are made are the fitters and cutters. These constitute 8.7 per 
cent of the women employed. 

The following table shows the average full-time earnings of women 
fitters and cutters in each district in the last week of September, 1906, 
and the per cent of women whose earnings fell in each specified class : 



118 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF WOMEN FITTERS AND CUTTERS IN DRESS- 
MAKING AND MANTLE-MAKING WORKSHOPS, IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 
1906, AND PER CENT OF WOMEN FITTERS AND CUTTERS WHOSE EARNINGS WERE 
WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS, BY DISTRICTS. 



District. 



Northern counties and Cleveland . . . 
Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire 
North and West M idland counties. . 

London 

Rest of England and Wales 

Scotland 

Ireland 

United Kingdom 



Aver- 
age 
full- 
time 
earn- 
ings. 



$9.19 
7.62 
6.25 

10.50 
7.02 
7.40 
9.21 



8.13 



Per cent of women fitters and cutters work- 
ing full time whose earnings were — 



Under 

$4.87 



1.7 
10.0 
20.8 

2.7 
17.0 

6.3 
12.1 



8.7 



$4.87 

and 

under 

$7.30. 



33.3 
39.0 
45.5 
30.4 
40.3 
49.8 
29.3 



40.4 



$7.30 

and 

under 

$9.73. 



25.0 
29.3 
23.8 
22.4 
26.9 
27.7 
24.1 



26.3 



$9.73 

and 

under 

$12.17. 



13.3 

13.1 
8.9 

17.7 
9.4 
9.9 

19.0 



12.7 



$12.17 
and 



26.7 
8.6 
1.0 

26.8 
6.4 
6.3 

15.5 



11.9 



Of the women for whom statistics are given in the dressmaking, 
millinery, and mantle-making workshops, 71.2 per cent are classified 
as dressmakers. The average full-time earnings of dressmakers in the 
last w r eek of September, 1906, and the per cent of those in each dis- 
trict whose earnings were within certain specified groups are shown 
in the following table: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF DRESSMAKERS (NOT INCLUDING FITTERS AND 
CUTTERS) IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, AND PER CENT OF DRESS- 
MAKERS WHOSE EARNINGS WERE WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS, 
BY DISTRICTS. 



District. 



Aver- 
age 
full- 
time 
earn- 
ings. 



Per cent of dressmakers working full time 
whose earnings were — 



Under 
$2.43. 



$2.43 

and 

under 

$3.65. 



$3.65 

and 

under 

$4.87. 



$4.87 

and 

under 



$6.08 
and 
over. 



Northern counties and Cleveland . . . 
Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire 
North and West Midland counties. . 

London 

Rest of England and Wales 

Scotland 

Ireland 

United Kingdom 



$2.66 
2.92 
2.62 
3.71 
2.53 
2.90 
2.25 



42.9 
29.4 
41.0 
11.7 
45.2 
29.1 
52.6 



38.4 
42.4 
43.0 



14.2 
23.4 
14.3 
29.4 
13.7 
22.9 
5.4 



2.96 



30.8 



40.3 



20. 



3.3 
3.8 
1.7 
19.6 
2.2 
3.0 
.7 



7.0 



1.2 
1.0 



3.1 
.3 
.1 



1.1 



The returns for milliners include statistics for head milliners as well 
as for those less skilled. In the following table is shown the average 
full-time earnings of milliners in each district in the last week of Sep- 
tember, 1906, and the per cent of milliners whose earnings were within 
each specified wage group : 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



119 



AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF MILLINERS IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 
1906, AND PER CENT OF MILLINERS WHOSE EARNINGS WERE WITHIN CERTAIN 
SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS, BY DISTRICTS. 



District. 



Northern counties and Cleveland 

Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire 
North and West Midland counties. . 

London 

Rest of England and Wales 

Scotland 

Ireland 

United Kingdom 



Aver- 
age 
full- 
time 
earn- 
ings. 



83. 59 
3.47 
3.22 
3.81 
2.82 
3.65 
3.20 



3.47 



Per cent of milliners working full time 
whose earnings were — 



Under 
$2.43. 



33. 3 

28.9 
37.8 
18.7 
47.9 
24.3 
34.0 



29.9 



$2.43 

and 

under 

$3.65. 



23.2 
30.6 
26.3 
36.8 
26.5 
26.0 
33.0 



29.8 



$3.65 

and 

under 

$4.87. 



12.6 
19.6 
16.8 
25.4 
13.6 
21.2 
11.9 



19.4 



$4.87 

and 

under 

$6.08. 



17.1 
10.8 
10.2 
6.4 
7.3 
19.1 
13.8 



11.2 



$6.08 
and 
over. 



13.8 
10.1 
8.9 
12.7 
4.7 
9.4 
7.3 



9.7 



Nearly three-fourths of the workpeople employed in factories in 
these industries were women, and of the women 41.2 per cent were 
operators of power-sewing machines, and 31.6 per cent were hand 
sewers. The following table shows the average full-time earnings of 
women in dressmaking and mantle-making factories in the last week 
of September, 1906, and the per cent whose earnings were within each 
specified wage group: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF WOMEN IN DRESS AND MANTLE-MAKING FAC- 
TORIES IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, AND THE PER CENT OF WOMEN 
IN SUCH FACTORIES WHOSE EARNINGS WERE WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED WAGE 
GROUPS, BY OCCUPATIONS. 





Average 
full-time 
earnings. 


Per cent of women working full time whose 
earnings were — 


Occupation. 


Under 
$2.43. 


$2.43 and 
under 
$3.65. 


$3.65 and 
under 

$4.87. 


$4.87 and 
under 
$6.08. 


$6.08 and 
over. 


Power-machine operators: 

Costume makers 


$3.37 
3.75 

3.16 
3.77 


19.4 
11.5 

17.1 
11.4 


43.9 
40.1 

56.5 
39.8 


27.0 

29.3 

23.4 

28.2 


8.5 
15.2 

2.6 
15.5 


1.2 


Mantle makers 


3.9 


Hand workers: 

Costume makers 


.4 


Mantle makers 


5.1 






All women 


3.75 


12.6 


39.5 


30.5 


11.4 


6.0 







SHIRT, BLOUSE, UNDERCLOTHING, ETC., INDUSTRY. 

Of the 35,624 workpeople for whom information was furnished in 
this industry, 31 per cent were employed in Ireland and 23 per cent in 
London. Lancashire and Yorkshire employed 19 per cent, the North 
and West Midlands, 12 per cent; Scotland, 9 per cent; and the rest 
of England and Wales, 6 per cent. The average earnings of these 
employees in the last week of September, 1906, was $2.98, while for 
the 31,921 who worked full time the average was $3.08. 



120 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



The following table shows the average earnings of the men, lads 
and boys, women, and girls, and of all employees who worked full 
time in each district : 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN THE SHIRT, BLOUSE, UNDER- 
CLOTHING, ETC., INDUSTRY IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, BY 
DISTRICTS. 



District. 



Average full-time earnings of— 



Men. 


Lads 
and 


Wom- 
en. 


Girls. 


All 

employ- 




boys. 




ees. 


$7.66 


$2.29 


$3.31 


$1.74 


$3.04 


7.00 


2.15 


3.26 


1.56 


2.88 


8.27 


2.62 


3.85 


1.74 


3.77 


7.48 


2.11 


3.18 


1.66 


2.88 


7.36 


2.29 


3.24 


1.60 


2.98 


6.37 


1.62 


2.92 


1.50 


2.86 


5.31 


1.95 


2.37 


1.14 


2.47 


5.29 


1.50 


2.49 


1.64 


2.43 


7.26 


2.17 


3.24 


1.64 


3.08 



Yorkshire (excluding Cleveland), Lancashire, and Cheshire 

North and West Midland counties 

London 

Rest of England and Wales 

Scotland 

Belfast 

Londonderry (city) 

Rest of Ireland 

United Kingdom 



Of those who worked full time, 5 per cent were men, 2 per cent 
were lads and boys, 71 per cent were women, and 22 per cent were 
girls. 

In the following table is shown the average earnings of the women in 
the more important branches of the industry and the per cent of 
women in each occupation whose earnings in the last week of Sep- 
tember, 1906, fell within each specified class: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF WOMEN IN THE SHIRT, BLOUSE, UNDERCLOTH- 
ING, ETC., INDUSTRY IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, AND THE PER CENT 
OF WOMEN IN THAT INDUSTRY WHOSE EARNINGS WERE WITHIN CERTAIN SPECI- 
FIED WAGE GROUPS, BY OCCUPATIONS. 





Average 
full-time 
earnings. 


Per cent of women 


working full time whose earn- 
ings were — 


Occupation. 


Under 
$2.43. 


$2.43 and 
under 
$3.65. 


$3.65 and 
under 

$4.87. 


$4.87 and 
under 
$6.08. 


$6.08 and 
over. 


Machine operators, piecework: 

Power 


$3.18 
3.55 

3.41 

2.96 

2.86 
3.02 


22.1 
14.7 

20.5 
32.9 

35.2 

28.8 


47.1 
42.0 

39.6 
42.1 

43.2 

44.8 


24.4 

28.7 

30.0 
20.2 

19.3 
22.9 


5.4 
11.4 

7.1 

3.6 

2.0 
2.9 


1.0 


Hand or foot 


3.2 


Hand sewers, piecework: 

London 


2.8 


All districts 


1.2 


Starchers and ironers, piecework: 

Ireland 


.3 


All districts 


.6 






All workers, time and piece 


3.24 


22.2 


46.0 


23.5 


6.1 


2.2 







TAILORING INDUSTRIES. 

Information was secured for 18,446 workpeople who were engaged 
in workshops in the making of clothing to the individual order of 
the customer. Of the 9,692 time workers, 33.8 per cent were men, 
15.1 per cent were lads and boys, 36.2 per cent were women, and 14.9 



WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 



121 



per cent were girls. Of the 8,754 pieceworkers, 76.8 per cent were 
men, 0.4 per cent were lads or boys, 21.3 per cent were women, and 
1.5 per cent were girls. 

The following table shows the average earnings in the last week of 
September, 1906, of those employees who worked full time: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN THE CUSTOM CLOTHING INDUS- 
TRY IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, BY DISTRICTS. 





Average full-time earnings of— 


District. 


Men. 


Lads and 
boys. 


Women. 


Girls. 


All em- 
ployees. 


Northern counties and Cleveland 


$7.87 
8.42 
8.29 

10.40 
7.44 
7.62 
7.93 


$1.72 
1.95 
1.85 
2.43 
1.24 
1.60 
1.36 


$3.14 
3.63 
3.47 
3.93 
2.88 
3.45 
2.92 


$1.30 
1.32 
1.34 
1.74 
.97 
1.44 
1.20 


$5.62 


Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire 


5.52 


North and West Midland counties 


4.99 


London 


6.59 


Rest of England and Wales 


4.77 


Scotland 


5.15 


Ireland 


5.52 






United Kingdom 


8.15 


1.68 


3.45 


1.32 


5.37 







Of the total number of workpeople, 54 per cent were men, and of 
the men nearly two-thirds were journeymen tailors engaged on piece- 
work and nearly 12 per cent were journeymen tailors engaged on 
time work. 

In the following table is shown the average earnings in the last 
week of September, 1906, of journeymen tailors on both time and 
piecework and of all men, and the distribution of these workers in 
wage groups in accordance with their earnings : 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF MEN IN THE CUSTOM CLOTHING INDUSTRY IN 
THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, AND THE PER CENT OF MEN IN THAT INDUS- 
TRY WHOSE EARNINGS WERE WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS, BY 
OCCUPATIONS. 





Average 
full-time 
earnings. 


Per cent of men working full time whose 
earnings were — 


Occupation. 


Under 

$4.87. 


$4.87 and 
under 
$7.30. 


$7.30 and 
under 
$9.73. 


$9.73 and 
over. 


Journeymen tailors: 

Time work 


$7.26 
7.14 


3.2 
5.9 


45.9 
53.9 


39.4 
29.4 


ll.fi 


Piecework 


10.8 






All men 


8.15 


5.1 


41.0 


31.8 


22.1 







Information was secured for 24,364 workpeople engaged in facto- 
ries in the manufacture of ready-made clothing. Of these, 34.7 per 
cent were time workers and 65.3 per cent were pieceworkers. 

The respective average earnings in the various districts of the 
20,121 workpeople who worked full time in the last week of Sep- 
tember, 1906, are shown in the following table: 



122 



WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 



AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN THE READY-MADE CLOTHING 
INDUSTRY IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, BY DISTRICTS. 



District. 



Leeds 

Manchester 

Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire (excluding 

Leeds and Manchester) 

Bristol 

North and West Midland counties (excluding 

Bristol) 

Norwich 

South Midland and eastern counties (excluding 

Norwich) 

London 

Rest of England and Wales 

Scotland 

Ireland 

United Kingdom 



Average full-time earnings of — 



Men. 



$7.77 
8.25 

7.06 
8.46 

7.93 
6.89 

6.81 
8.80 
7.85 
8.76 
7.18 



7.77 



Lads and 
boys. 



$2.27 
2.21 

2.41 
2.17 

2.43 
2.09 

2.47 
2.90 
2.29 
2.31 
2.39 



2.37 



Women. 



PO. do 

3.31 

3.28 

2.88 



3.14 



Girls. 



$1.85 
1.48 



1.30 
1.34 

1.48 
1.46 
1.32 
1.48 
1.26 



1.58 



All em- 
ployees. 



$3.69 
3.79 

3.51 
3.31 

3.43 
2.96 



3.57 



Women constituted nearly three-fifths of the number of persons 
included in the returns from ready-made clothing factories, of whom 
more than one-half were operators of power sewing machines, while 
nearly one-fourth were hand sewers. 

The average earnings of the women operators of power sewing 
machines who worked full time at piecework in the last week of 
September, 1906, and the per cent of such operators whose earnings 
fell within each specified wage group, are shown in the following 
table : 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF WOMEN OPERATORS OF POWER SEWING 
MACHINES IN THE READY-MADE CLOTHING INDUSTRY IN THE LAST WEEK OF 
SEPTEMBER, 1906, AND THE PER CENT OF SUCH SEWING MACHINE OPERATORS 
WHOSE EARNINGS WERE WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS, BY DIS- 
TRICTS. 





Aver- 
age full 
time 
earn- 
ings. 


Per cent of women operators of power 
sewing machines working full time 
whose earnings were — 


District. 


Under 

$2.43. 


$2.43 

and 

under 

$3,65. 


$3.65 

and 

under 

$4.87. 


$4.87 

and 

under 

$6.08. 


$6.08 
and 
over. 


Leeds 


$3.49 
3.28 

3.31 
2.96 
3.22 
2.70 

3.14 
3.06 
3.31 
4.16 
2.39 


10.5 
21.3 

19.9 
24.7 
25.8 
35.1 

23.7 

27.6 

24.4 

2.7 

58.7 


48.1 
45.2 

47.4 
54.1 
41.4 
51.4 

51.3 

46.5 
48.2 
31.9 
30.0 


32.6 
24.3 

22.4 
16.6 
24.7 
13.5 

18.9 
22.4 
14.7 
37.4 
9.7 


7.7 
8.6 

8.2 
3.9 
7.3 


1.1 


Manchester 


.6 


Yorkshire Lancashire, and Cheshire (excluding Leeds 
and Manchester) 


2.1 


Bristol . 


.7 


North and West Midland counties (excluding Bristol). 
Norwich 


.8 


South Midland and Eastern counties (excluding Nor- 
wich) 


4.4 
3.5 
7.1 
20.9 
1.6 


1.7 


London 




Rest of England and Wales 


5.6 


Scotland .. 


7.1 










United Kingdom 


3.26 


21.5 


46.0 


24.3 


6.8 


1.4 







In the following table is shown the average earnings of hand sewers 
who worked full time at piecework in the last week of September, 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



123 



1906, and the per cent of women hand sewers whose wages were 
within certain specified wage groups : 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF WOMEN HAND SEWERS IN THE READY-MADE 
CLOTHING INDUSTRY IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, AND THE PER CENT 
OF SUCH HAND SEWERS WHOSE EARNINGS WERE WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED 
GROUPS, BY DISTRICTS. 





Aver- 
age full 
time 
earn- 
ings. 


Per cent of women hand sewers working 
full time whose earnings were — 


District. 


Under 
$2.43. 


$2.43 

and 

under 

$3.65. 


$3.65 

and 

under 

$4.87. 


$4.87 

and 

under 

$6.08. 


$6.08 
and 
over. 


Leeds 


$2.84 
2.86 

3.28 
2.29 
2.78 
2.51 

2.53 
2.31 
2.60 
3.10 
2.07 


31.1 
25.0 

27.4 
53.5 
36.7 
45.5 

50.7 
60.3 
48.7 
22.7 
74.3 


51.2 
52.8 

38. 7 
43.1 
48.5 
48.0 

43.8 
36.4 
41.0 
50.4 
22.9 


16.4 
22.2 

19.6 
3.4 

13.4 
5.2 

5.5 
3.3 
7.7 
24.4 
2.8 


1.1 


2 


Manchester 




Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire (excluding Leeds 
and Manchester) 


10.5 


3 8 


Bristol 




North and West Midland counties (excluding Bristol) . 
Norwich 


1.4 
1.3 




South Midland and Eastern counties (excluding Nor- 
wich) 




London 






Rest of England and Wales 


2.6 
2.5 




Scotland 




Ireland 










United Kingdom 


2.76 


37.9 


45.9 


13.6 


2.1 


.5 



BOOT AND SHOE INDUSTRY. 

Of the 124,200 operatives employed in boot, shoe, and clog making 
factories in the United Kingdom in 1904, about 86,600 were males 
and 37,600 were females. The number covered by the returns in the 
present investigation was 41,508, of which number 38,582 were 
employed in the wholesale manufacture of boots and shoes and the 
remainder in the custom work and repair branches of the industry 
and in clog making. 

Of those employed in boot and shoe factories, 73.2 per cent worked 
full time in the last week of September, 1906. Their average earn- 
ings are shown in the table which follows: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN BOOT AND SHOE FACTORIES IN 
THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, BY DISTRICTS. 





Average full-time earnings of 




District. 


Men. 


Lads 
and 
boys. 


Women. 


Girls. 


All em- 
ployees. 


Leicester 


$7.58 
6.75 
7.26 
7.18 
6.59 
7.16 
6.31 
6.45 
6.77 
7.42 
6.89 
6.73 
7.64 
6.45 


$2.62 
2.76 
2.80 
2.98 
2.51 
2.25 
2.27 
2.37 
2.41 
2.66 
2.31 
3.04 
2.13 
2.31 


$3.63 
3.39 
3.02 
3.22 
3.00 
2.62 
2.56 
2.82 
2.72 
3.04 
3.37 
4.26 
3.08 
3.00 


$1.93 
2.01 
1.52 
1.68 
1.64 
1.16 
1.10 
1.48 
1.34 
1.56 
1.58 
2.53 
1.64 
1.56 


$5.23 


Leicestershire (excluding Leicester) 


4.60 


Northampton 


4.79 


Kettering 


5.07 


Northamptonshire (excluding Northampton and Kettering). . 
Stafford 


4.60 
4.66 


Norwich 


4.16 


Bristol 


4.40 


Kingswood 


4.36 


London 


4.85 


Leeds 


4.62 


Manchester 


4.74 


Scotland 


5.05 


Rest of United Kingdom 


4.26 






United Kingdom 


6.98 


2.56 


3.18 


1.66 


4.72 







124 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



Men form 52 per cent of all the workpeople included in the returns. 
Of the total number of men, a little more than one-fourth were lasters 
or riveters and nearly one-fourth were finishers. Clickers or upper 
cutters made up nearly one-sixth of the number, and pressmen or 
rough-stuff cutters nearly one-twelfth. 

The average earnings of men in these occupations and of all men 
in the last week of September, 1906, and the per cent of men whose 
earnings were within certain specified wage groups are shown in the 
following table: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF MEN IN BOOT AND SHOE FACTORIES IN THE 
LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, AND THE PER CENT OF MEN WHOSE EARNINGS 
WERE WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS, BY OCCUPATIONS. 





Kind of 
work. 


Average 
full-time 
earnings. 


Per cent of men working full time whose 
earnings were — 


Occupation. 


Under 

$4.87. 


$4.87 and 
under 
$7.30. 


$7.30 and 
under 
$9.73. 


$9.73 and 
over. 


Clickers 


Time 

Time 

/Time.... 

\Piece 

/Time.... 

\Piece 


$6.98 
6.47 
7.40 
6.61 
7.10 
7.42 


0.3 
2.0 

.2 
11.0 

.1 
5.1 


61.7 
76.6 
42.4 
59.1 
53.8 
47.2 


37.5 
21.2 
51.7 
23.8 
45.6 
36.1 


0.5 


Pressmen or rough stock cutters 


.2 


Lasters or riveters 


5.7 


Finishers 


6.1 
.5 




11.6 


All men 


6.98 


6.5 


52.4 


34.4 


6.7 









Women form 22 per cent of the employees included in the returns. 
More than one-half were machine operators or closers and nearly one- 
third were fitters. In the following table is shown the range of the 
earnings of women who worked full time in the last week of Septem- 
ber, 1906, and their average earnings. 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF WOMEN IN BOOT AND SHOE FACTORIES IN THE 
LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, AND THE PER CENT OF WOMEN WHOSE EARN- 
INGS WERE WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS, BY OCCUPATIONS. 





Kind of 
work. 


Average 
full-time 
earnings. 


Per cent of women working full time whose earn- 
ings were — 


Occupation. 


Under 
$2.43. 


$2.43 and 
under 
$3.65. 


$3.65 and 
under 

$4.87. 


$4.87 and 
under 
$6.08. 


$6.08 and 
over. 


Fitters 


Time 

/Time.... 
\Piece 


$3.08 
3.06 
3.79 


12.0 

11.8 

6.0 


64.3 
64.3 
40.0 


23.2 
23.5 
40.0 


0.5 

.4 

11.9 








Machine operators or closers 


2.1 


AH women 


3.18 


12.4 


58.9 


25.2 


2.8 


.7 









SILK AND FELT HAT INDUSTRY. 

Over 80 per cent of the 5,112 workpeople in this industry regarding 
whom returns were received were employed in works in Lancashire 
and Cheshire. Men were nearly one-half and women nearly one-third 
of the total number. Nearly three-fourths of the women were trim- 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



125 



mers, while of the men the largest groups were plankers and twisters, 
and finishers. 

In the following table is given the average earnings of the employees 
in this industry who worked full time in the last week of September, 
1906, and the per cent of employees whose earnings fell within the 
specified wage groups : 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN THE SILK AND FELT HAT 
INDUSTRY IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, AND THE PER CENT OF EM- 
PLOYEES WHOSE EARNINGS WERE WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS, 
BY OCCUPATIONS. 








Aver- 
age full 
time 
earn- 
ings. 


Per cent working full time whose earnings were — 


Occupation. 


Under 
$2.43. 


$2.43 

and 

under 

$3.65. 


$3.65 

and 

under 

$4.87. 


$4.87 

and 

under 

$6.08. 


$6.08 

and 

under 

$7.30. 


$7.30 

and 

under 

$9.73. 


$9.73 
and 
over. 


Men: 

Plankers and twisters, piecework. 


$8.46 
9.79 
8.33 

3.93 
3.97 
3.06 
1.91 








6.6 

.4 

10.2 

22.6 

20.5 

8.0 


21.6 

6.5 

12.6 

.9 
2.4 
4.3 


49.3 
46.1 
44.6 

.1 

1.7 

.6 


22.5 


Finishers, piecework 








47 


All men 


6.5 

8.1 

33.1 

80.4 


0.5 

36.3 
35.0 

38.7 
18.1 


5.2 

33.6 

32.3 

15.3 

1.5 


26 9 


Women: 

Trimmers, piecework 




All women 

Lads and boys 




Girls 















MISCELLANEOUS CLOTHING INDUSTRIES. 

Of the 12,918 workpeople included in the returns received for 
these industries, 2,705 were men, 653 were lads and boys, 7,581 were 
women, and 1,979 were girls. 

The average earnings of those employees in these industries who 
worked full time in the last week of September, 1906, are shown in 
the following table: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH OF THE MISCELLANEOUS 
CLOTHING INDUSTRIES IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, BY INDUSTRIES. 



Industry. 



Leather glove 

Corset (factory) 

Fur 

Straw hat and bonnet 
Other clothing 



Average full-time earnings of— 



Men. 



$7.20 
7.04 
8.66 
8.92 
7.36 



Lads and 
boys. 



$1.85 
2.51 
2.56 
2.45 
2.76 



Women. 



52.94 
2.96 
4.04 
4.87 
3.14 



Girls. 



S1.44 
1.52 
1.74 
2.72 
1.50 



All em- 
employ- 
ees. 



$4.06 
3.02 
5.07 
5.52 
3.28 



Under the classification " other clothing" trades are included re- 
turns from manufacturers of caps and tweed hats, artificial flowers, 
and from hatters' furriers. 

DYEING AND CLEANING. 

The returns received from establishments in this industry include 
6,200 workpeople, of whom 1,762 were men, 487 lads and boys, 
2,940 women, and 1,011 girls. 



126 



WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 



The average earnings of those employees in the dyeing and clean- 
ing industry who worked full time in the last week of September, 
1906, and the percentage distribution of such employees in the 
various wage groups is shown in the following table: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN THE DYEING AND CLEANING 
INDUSTRY IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, AND THE PER CENT OF EM- 
PLOYEES IN THAT INDUSTRY WHOSE EARNINGS WERE WITHIN EACH SPECIFIED 
WAGE GROUP, BY SEX. 



Sex. 



Aver- 
age full 
time 
earn- 
ings. 



Per cent of employees working full time whose earnings 
were— 



Under 
$2.43. 



$2.43 

and 

under 

$3.65. 



$3.65 

and 

under 

$4.87. 



$4.87 

and 

under 

$6.08. 



and 
under 
$7.30. 



$7.30 

and 

under 

$9.73. 



$9.73 
and 
over. 



Men 

Women 

Lads and boys 
Girls 



57.18 
3.37 
2.58 
1.74 



9.3 
45.9 
91.9 



0.5 
55.3 
34.8 

7.9 



3.4 

27.7 

17.3 

.1 



22.5 

5.5 

2.0 

.1 



34.9 
1.1 



28.1 
1.1 



10.6 



LAUNDRIES. 

Returns were received from laundries which covered 33,626 
employees, of whom 28,437 were employed in power laundries and 
5,189 in hand laundries. Of those employed in power laundries 69 
per cent were women, and of these nearly one half were hand ironers. 

The average earnings of those women who worked full time in the 
last week of September, 1906, and the percentage distribution of 
such women workers in wage groups is shown in the following table: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF WOMEN IN POWER LAUNDRIES IN THE LAST 
WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, AND THE PER CENT OF SUCH WOMEN WHOSE EARN- 
INGS WERE WITHIN EACH SPECIFIED WAGE GROUP, BY OCCUPATIONS. 





Kind of 
work. 


Aver- 
age full 
time 
earn- 
ings. 


Per cent of women working full time whose earn- 
ings were — 


Occupation. 


Under 
$2.43. 


$2.43 

and 

under 

$3.65. 


$3.65 

and 

under 

$4.87. 


$4.87 

and 

under 

$6.08. 


$6.08 

and 

under 

$7.30. 


$7.30 
and 
over. 


Washers 


Time.... 
Time 

fTime.... 

\Piece 

/Time.... 

\Piece 

/Time.... 

\Piece 

fTime.... 

\Piece 

/Time.... 

\Piece 

Time 


$2.92 
2.47 

3.37 
3.53 

3.28 
3.37 
2.80 
2.92 
2.80 
3.10 
2.94 
3.35 
3.20 


14.3 

42.6 

9.7 
5.1 
9.5 
13.6 
26.6 
25.9 
27.7 
21.1 
22.4 
20.1 
17.3 


69.9 
53.1 

50.2 
53.2 
56.5 
51.9 
58.1 
56.4 
57.8 
52.7 
55.2 
41.1 
48.2 


15.0 
4.1 

30.8 
34.7 
31.1 
27.3 
14.9 
15.6 
14.0 
22.8 
19.9 
31.2 
27.6 


0.8 
.1 

8.3 
5.8 
2.9 
6.4 

.4 
2.1 

.5 
3.4 
2.4 
5.8 
6.2 






Calenderers 


0.1 

1.0 
1.1 




Hand ironers: 

Shirt 






0.1 


Finery 


.6 






.2 


Body linen 
















Other 










Machine ironers 


.1 
1.3 

.6 




Receivers, markers, sorters, and 
packers. 


.5 
.1 


All women 


3.12 


20.5 


52.0 


21.1 


4.7 


1.0 


.7 







WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 



127 



Of those employed in hand laundries, 85 per cent were women 
over 18 years of age, and of these, one-half were ironers and nearly 
one-third were washerwomen. 

The following table shows the average earnings of women in hand 
laundries who worked full time in the last week of September, 1906, 
and the per cent of such operatives whose earnings were within each 
wage group : 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF WOMEN IN HAND LAUNDRIES IN THE LAST 
WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, AND THE PER CENT OF SUCH WOMEN WORKERS WHOSE 
EARNINGS WERE WITHIN EACH SPECIFIED WAGE GROUP, BY OCCUPATIONS. 





Kind of 
work. 


Average 
full-time 
earnings. 


Per cent of women working full time whose earn- 
ings were— 


Occupation. 


Under 
$2.43. 


$2.43 
and un- 
der $3.65. 


$3.65 
and un- 
der $4.87. 


$4.87 
and un- 
der $6.08. 


$6.08 
and over. 


Washers 


Time.... 
(Time.... 
\Piece 

Time 


$2.92 
3.06 
3.33 
3.31 


9.2 
10.9 

5.9 
12.8 


78.0 
65.9 
62.9 
51.3 


12.8 
22.9 
27.2 
26.2 








0.3 
4.0 
9.7 




Ironers 








Receivers, markers, sorters, and 




packers. 




All women 


3.10 


12.2 


63.8 


20.5 


2.9 


0.6 









UNITED KINGDOM. 

EARNINGS AND HOURS OF LABOR IN BRITISH BUILDING 
AND WOODWORKING INDUSTRIES. 

[From Bulletin 87, March, 1910, of the United States Bureau of Labor.] 

The third of the series of reports in which the results of a general 
inquiry into earnings and hours of labor in all trades in the United 
Kingdom are to be dealt with, has recently been published under the 
title, "Report of an Inquiry by the Board of Trade into the Earnings 
and Hours of Labor of Work People of the United Kingdom: III — 
Building and Woodworking Trades in 1906." This report is identical 
in plan with the two reports previously published on earnings and 
hours of labor in the textile and the clothing industries. ( a ) The 
object of this inquiry is to ascertain the amount actually earned by 
all classes of workpeople in a selected week, industry by industry, 
occupation by occupation, and district by district, and to obtain 
means of estimating their annual earnings. 

GENERAL SUMMARY. 

As shown by the census of 1901, these industries provide employ- 
ment for approximately 1,250,000 workpeople. These employees 
are almost exclusively males, and include a large proportion of 
skilled workmen, many of whom have served an apprenticeship of 
from three to seven years. 

Returns were received from employees covering 180,000 workpeo- 
ple, or about 14 per cent of the estimated number employed. This 
proportion is less than was obtained in the textile and clothing trades. 
However, a small number of returns from a given town is considered 
fairly representative of local conditions, since in nearly every town 
of importance rates of wages and hours of labor have either been 
fixed by agreement or are well recognized. 

The average earnings of men who worked full time in the several 
industries in a selected we^k of 1906, and the per cent of men whose 
earnings fell within each specified wage group, are shown in the fol- 
lowing table : 
128 



risk 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



129 



AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF MEN IN ONE WEEK OF 1906, IN EACH BUILD- 
ING AND WOODWORKING INDUSTRY, AND PER CENT OF MEN WHOSE EARN. 
INGS WERE IN EACH SPECIFIED WAGE GROUP. 



Industry. 



Building 

Construction of harbors, etc 

Saw milling, etc 

Cabinetmaking, etc 

Total 



Aver- 
age 
earn- 
ings. 



S8.03 
7.75 

ti. I 5 
8.03 



7.79 



Per cent of men working full time whose earn- 
ings were — 



Under 

§4.87. 



4.0 

1.0 

14.3 

4.7 



S4.87 

and 

under 

S7.30. 



33.1 
60.3 
50.7 
31.2 



37.1 



$7.30 

and 

under 

S9.73. 



45.1 
21.2 
25.9 
45.2 



40.8 



S9.73 

and 

under 

$12.17. 



15.2 
8.5 
7.3 

14.4 



13.4 



812.17 

and 

under 

$14.60. 



1.6 

3.3 
1.2 

2.9 



1.8 



SI 4. 60 
and 
over. 



1.0 

5.7 

.6 

1.6 



1.2 



Particulars were obtained for each industry as to the total amount 
paid in wages in 1906 by the firms making returns, and the total 
amount paid in wages and the total number of persons receiving 
wages in one week in each month. From these data the following 
table was computed, showing the average annual earnings per head 
in the building and woodworking industries for the year 1906: 

Building. $330. 92 

Construction of harbors, etc 313. 89 

Saw milling, etc \ 270. 09 

Cabinetmaking, etc 301. 72 

These figures can only be regarded as approximate, especially in 
the building trades and the construction of harbors, docks, etc., 
owing to great variation in the number of employees at different 
seasons of the year and the constant shifting of workpeople from 
one employer to another. 

The number of workpeople reported in each industry whose hours 
of labor for a full week were in each specified group and the average 
number of hours constituting a full w r eek in each industry are shown 
in the following table: 

NUMBER OF WORKPEOPLE REPORTED AS WORKING EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER 
OF HOURS PER WEEK, AND AVERAGE HOURS IN A FULL WEEK, BY INDUSTRIES, 
1906. 





Number of workpeop 


e whose hours of labor for a full week were — 


Aver- 


Industry. 


Un- 
der 

48. 


48 and 

under 

50. 


50 and 

under 

52. 


52 and 

under 

54. 


54 and 
under 

56. 


56 and 

under 

58. 


58 
and 
un- 
der 

60. 


60. 


Over 
60. 


age 

hours 

in a 

full 

week. 


Building 


398 

3 

97 
187 


12,049 

209 

1,200 
1,213 


32,806 

659 

3,057 
7,533 


8,387 

391 

3,676 
5,050 


17,134 

1,412 

9,336 
4,859 


IS, 714 

7,796 

5,851 
2,289 


2,786 
156 

2,364 

1,745 


510 

130 

484 
322 


602 

107 

47 
15 


52.9 


Construction of harbors, docks, 
etc 


55.8 


Saw milling, machine joinery, 
etc 


54.4 


Cabinetmaking, etc 


53.1 






Total 


685 


14,671 


44,055 


17,510 


32,741 


34,650 


7,051 


1,446 


771 


53.4 







48310— S. Doc. 631, 61-2 9 



130 



WAGES AND PEICES OF COMMODITIES. 



BUILDING TRADES. 

The number of males engaged in house building and allied occupa- 
tions in the United Kingdom in 1901 was 1,123,418, of whom 123,941 
were in Scotland and 54 ; 293 in Ireland. These numbers include not 
only employees but also employers and those working on their own 
account. These latter classes formed nearly 11 per cent of the total. 
Returns were received in the present investigation from employers 
covering 118,552 workpeople. Of this number 101,786, or nearly 86 
per cent were men 20 years of age and over. 

In the following table is given an analysis of the returns for each 
district showing for all towns, for towns with a population of less 
than 100,000, and for towns of 100,000 and over, the hours constituting 
a full week, and the average earnings of men working full time in one 
week of the summer of 1906: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF MEN IN THE BUILDING TRADES IN ONE WEEK 
OF THE SUMMER OF 1906, AND HOURS CONSTITUTING A FULL WEEK, BY DIS- 
TRICTS. 





Average full-time earnings of 
men in — 


Average number of hours in a 
full week in — 


District. 


Towns of 
less than 
100,000 
popula- 
tion. 


Towns of 
100,000 
popula- 
tion and 
over. 


All 

towns. 


Towns of 
less than 
100,000 
popula- 
tion. 


Towns of 
100,000 
popula- 
tion and 
over. 


All 
towns. 


London 




$9.41 
8.39 

8.44 
8.G8 
8.01 
8.54 
7.30 


$9.41 
8.15 

8.05 
7.75 
7.36 
8.21 
6. 75 




50.9 
50.2 

50.3 
54.5 
55.6 
51.4 
53.3 


50.9 


Northern counties and Cleveland 


$8.03 

7.77 
7.40 
7.26 
7.91 
6.04 


51.1 

51.7 
55.2 
50.1 
51.7 
55.4 


50.7 


Yorkshire (excluding Cleveland, Lanca- 
shire, and Cheshire) 


51.1 


North and West Midland counties 

Rest of England and Wales 


55.0 
56.0 


Scotland 


51.6 


Ireland 


54.0 






United Kingdom 


7.54 


8.72 


8.03 


53.9 


51.5 


52.9 







From the above it is seen that the average hourly earnings were 
about $0.15, being $0.17 in the large and $0.14 in the smaller towns. 

The following table shows the average full-time earnings of skilled 
men in one week of the summer of 1906, and the per cent whose earn- 
ings fall in each specified class: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF SKILLED MEN IN THE BUILDING TRADES IN 
ONE WEEK OF THE SUMMER OF 1906, AND PER CENT WHOSE EARNINGS WERE 
WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS, BY OCCUPATIONS. 





Average 
full-time 
earnings. 


Per cent of men working full time whose earnings 
were— 


Occupation. 


Under 

$7.30. 


$7.30 and 
under 

$8.52. 


$8.52 and 
under 
$9.73. 


S9.73 and 
under 
$10.95. 


$10.95 
and 
over. 


Bricklayers 


$9.25 
8.94 
8.82 
8.88 
8.82 
9.33 
8.42 


9.2 
6.8 

12.9 
8.5 
7.8 
5.5 

12.6 


14.8 
15.5 
19.6 
21.1 
25.0 
17.6 
30.7 


39.6 

64.3 
43.5 
59.9 
53.0 
38.3 
48.6 


28.0 

11.3 

21.7 

7.0 

9.5 

26.3 

7.1 


8.4 


Masons 


2.1 


Carpenters and joiners 


2.3 


Slaters 


3..5 


Plumbers 


4.7 


Plasterers . . 


12.3 


Painters and decorators 


1.0 






Total 


8.84 


10.5 


21.3 


47.9 


16.7 


3.6 







WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



131 



Of the workmen included in the above table, 15.8 per cent were 
bricklayers, 12.2 per cent were masons, 31.3 per cent were carpenters, 
2.5 per cent were slaters, 8.2 per cent were plumbers, 5.5 per cent were 
plasterers, and 24.5 per cent were painters and decorators. 

In the following tables are shown the average full-time earnings, 
and the average number of hours employed in one week of the summer 
of 1906, of the workmen in each occupation, by districts: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS AND HOURS OF SKILLED MEN IN THE BUILDING 
TRADES IN ONE WEEK OF THE SUMMER OF 1906, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DISTRICTS. 





Average full-time earnings of 
men in — 


Average number of hours in a 
full week in — 


Occupation and district. 


Towns of 
less than 
100,000 
popula- 
tion. 


Towns of 
100,000 
popula- 
tion and 
over. 


All 
towns. 


Towns of 
less than 
100,000 
popula- 
tion. 


Towns of 
100,000 
popula- 
tion and 
over. 


All 
towns. 


Bricklayers: 

London 




$10. 81 
9.65 

9.85 
10.02 
9.25 
9.92 
9.14 


810. 81 
9.33 

9.67 
9.04 
8.35 
9.77 
8.66 




50.7 
50.3 

50.8 

54. 6 

55. 5 
51.0 
54.0 


50 7 


Northern counties and Cleveland 

Yorkshire (excluding Cleveland), 
Lancashire, and Cheshire 


$9.21 

9.55 

8.74 
8.19 
9.67 
7.97 


50.8 

52.6 
55.3 
56.4 
51.7 
55.4 


50.6 

51 9 


North and West Midland counties 

Rest of England and Wales 


55.1 
56 3 


Scotland 


51 4 


Ireland 


54 6 






United Kingdom 


8.66 


10. 20 


9.25 


54.8 


51.7 


53 6 






Masons: 

London . 




10.52 
9.31 

9.33 

9.47 
9.37 
9.08 


10.52 

8.88 

9.17 
8.86 
8.37 
8.86 
7.73 




50.7 

48.8 

49.5 
52.7 
55. 3 
51.0 


50 7 


Northern counties and Cleveland 

Yorkshire (excluding Cleveland), 
Lancashire, and Cheshire 


8.74 

9.06 
8.72 
8.23 
8.70 
7.58 


50.3 

50.0 
53.9 
55.4 
51.3 
55.8 


49.9 

49 9 


North and West Midland counties 

Rest of England and Wales 


53.9 
55 4 


Scotland 


51.2 


Ireland 


55 5 










United Kingdom 


8.66 


9.43 


8.94 


52.2 


50.9 


51 8 






Carpenters and joiners: 

London 




10.65 

9.63 

9.29 
9.67 
9.17 
9.31 

8.72 


10.65 
8.92 

8.98 
8.76 
8.09 
8.58 
8.17 




50.6 
50.1 

49.7 
52.9 
55.8 
51.0 
54.0 


50.6 


Northern counties and Cleveland 

Yorkshire (excluding Cleveland), 
Lancashire, and Cheshire 


8.60 

8.76 
8.39 
7.95 
8.09 
7.73 


51.2 

51.5 
55.2 
56.1 

51.8 
55.4 


50.7 
50 8 


North and West Midland counties 

Rest of England and Wales 


54.4 
56 1 


Scotland 


51.5 


Ireland 


54 6 






United Kingdom 


8.25 


9.73 


8.82 


53.9 


51.1 


52.8 






Slaters: 

London 




10.77 
9.61 

8.94 
9.37 


10.77 
9.25 

8.68 
8.96 
7.81 
8.80 
8.46 




52.7 
50.0 

49.8 

54.5 


52.7 


Northern counties and Cleveland 

Yorkshire (excluding Cleveland), Lan- 
cashire, and Cheshire 


9.17 

8.54 
8.80 
7.73 
8.46 


50.4 

51.6 
55.1 
55.1 
52.0 


50.3 
50.7 


North and West Midland counties 

Rest of England and Wales 


54.9 
55. 1 


Scotland 


9.23 


51.0 


51.6 


Ireland 


54.5 












United Kingdom 


8.54 


9.37 


8.88 


52.3 


51.1 


51.8 






Plumbers: 

London 




10.73 
9.10 

9.10 
9.51 
8.52 
9.21 
9.10 


10.73 

8.86 

8.86 
8.78 
8.39 
8.70 
8.39 




51.0 
52.9 

49.7 
54.1 
55. 1 
50.9 
53.8 


51.0 


Northern counties'and Cleveland 

Yorkshire (excluding Cleveland), Lan- 
cashire, and Cheshire 


8.80 

8.56 
8.50 
8.37 
8.25 
7.48 


52.5 

51.4 
54.8 
56.1 
51.2 
54.8 


52.7 
50.5 


North and West Midland counties 

Rest of England and Wales 


54.6 
55.0 


Scotland 


51.0 


Ireland 


54.2 






United Kingdom 


8.39 


9.33 


8.82 


53.2 


51.1 


52.2 







132 



WAGES AND PRICES OE COMMODITIES. 



AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS AND HOURS OF SKILLED MEN IN THE BUILDING 
TRADES IN ONE WEEK OF THE SUMMER OF 1906, BY OCCUPATIONS AND DIS- 
TRICTS— Concluded . 





Average full-time earnings of 
men in — 


Average number of hours in a 
full week in — 


Occupation and district. 


Towns of 
less than 
100,000 
popula- 
tion. 


Towns of 
100,000 
popula- 
tion and 
over. 


All 
towns. 


Town, of 
less than 
100,000 
popula- 
tion. 


Towns of 
100,000 
popula- 
tion and 
over. 


All 
towns. 


Plasterers: 

London 




•11. 03 
9.73 

9.57 
10.18 
8.90 
9.63 
9.21 


$11. 03 
9.02 

9.31 
9.35 

8.68 
9.23 
8.94 




50.4 
50.0 

50.0 
54.2 
55.6 
51.0 
53.9 


50.4 


Northern counties and Cleveland 

Yorkshire (excluding Cleveland), Lan- 
cashire, and Cheshire 


$8.04 

9.00 
9.17 

8.64 
8.90 
8.25 


51.3 

51.4 
55.9 
55.8 
51.9 
55.9 


50.8 
50.7 


North and West Midland counties 

Rest of England and Wales 


55.3 
55.7 


Scotland 


51.4 


Ireland 


54.6 






United Kingdom 


8.82 


9.87 


9.33 


53.6 


51.3 


52.4 






Painters and decorators: 

London 




8.96 
8.74 

8.84 
9.12 
7.97 
9.23 
8.31 


8.96 
8.44 

8.58 
8.11 
7.62 
9.14 
8.15 




51.6 
50.0 

51.0 
56.1 
55.7 
51.0 
51.1 


51.6 


Northern counties and Cleveland 

Yorkshire (excluding Cleveland), Lan- 
cashire, and Cheshire 


8.35 

8.37 
7.66 
7.56 
9.00 
7.69 


52.2 

52.0 
55.6 
56.4 
52.1 
53.8 


51.6 
51.5 


North and West Midland counties . . . 
Rest of England and Wales 


55.8 
56.3 


Scotland 


51.3 


Ireland 


51.7 






United Kingdom 


8.01 


8.90 


8.42 


54.7 


52.0 


53.3 







The earnings and hours shown in the above table are for one full 
week in summer. The hours of labor in winter being shorter, the 
earnings would be correspondingly less. The average number of hours 
constituting a full week's work in winter and the average duration of 
the winter period in each occupation is shown in the table following : 

AVERAGE HOURS CONSTITUTING A FULL WEEK'S WORK IN WINTER AND DURATION 
OF WINTER PERIOD, BY OCCUPATIONS. 





Average number of hours in a 
full week in winter in — 


Average number of weeks in 
winter period in — 


Occupation. 


Towns of 
less than 
100,000 
popula- 
tion. 


Towns of 
100,000 
popula- 
tion and 
over. 


All 
towns. 


Towns of 
less than 
100,000 
popula- 
tion. 


Towns of 
100,000 
popula- 
tion and 
over. 


All 
towns. 


Bricklayers 


47.1 
45.3 
47.7 
44.9 
47.6 
46.4 
45.1 


45.0 

44.7 
45.1 
44.9 
46.0 
45.2 
43.7 


46.3 
45.1 
46.7 
44.9 
46.9 
45.8 
44.4 


14.3 
13.8 
14.1 
14.2 
14.6 
14.5 
15.7 


13.7 
13.9 
13.8 
14.1 
14.4 
14.0 
16.1 


14.1 


Masons 


13.8 


Carpenters and joiners 


14.0 


Slaters 


14.1 


Plumbers 


14.5 


Plasterers 


14.2 


Painters and decorators 


15.9 







The proportion of laborers reported was approximately six laborers 
to every five bricklayers, and two laborers to every three skilled men 
in the case of masons and plasterers, respectively. The average full- 
time earnings and hours during one week of the summer of 1906 for 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



133 



each class of laborers and the per cent whose earnings were in each 
specified group are shown in the following table: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS AND HOURS OF LABORERS IN THE BUILDING 
TRADES IN ONE WEEK OF THE SUMMER OF 1906, AND PER CENT WHOSE EARN- 
INGS WERE WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS, BY OCCUPATIONS. 





Average 
full-time 
earnings. 


Average 
hours. 


Per cent of men working full time whose 
earnings were — 


Occupation. 


Under 

$4.87. 


$4.87 and 
under 
$6.08. 


$6.08 and 
under 
$7.30. 


$7.30 and 
over. 


Bricklayers' laborers 


$5.92 
5.78 
5.82 
6.02 
6.41 
6.10 


53.7 
51.9 
52.6 
52.1 
52.9 
53.3 
52.5 


13.4 
9.6 

15.7 
5.5 
8.2 
2.7 

14.6 


38.4 
57.3 
40.0 
41.3 
25.7 
37.2 
41.2 


42.1 
28.9 
40.9 
44.5 
46.0 
52.2 
39.3 


6.1 


Masons' laborers 


4.2 


Plumbers' mates 

Plasterers' laborers 


3.4 
8.7 


Painters' laborers 


20.1 


Excavators 


7.9 


Builders' laborers 


5.90 


4.9 








Total 


5.94 


52.9 


11.0 


41.8 


40.6 


6 6 







The change during the twenty years, 1886 to 1906, in the rates of 
wages paid in the building trades is indicated by the annual index 
number published by the Board of Trade to have been an increase 
of approximately 18 per cent. 

The average number of days per year on which building operations 
were, as a rule, suspended for holidays was 9.5 in the towns of 100,000 
population and over and 8.6 in the smaller towns. 

CONSTRUCTION OF HARBORS, DOCKS, ETC. 

Of the 10,914 workpeople for whom returns were received in the 
construction of harbors, docks, roads, sewers, railways, waterworks, 
etc., 6,378 were excavators and laborers. 

In the following table is shown the average full-time earnings of 
men in the principal occupations engaged in this work in an ordinary 
week of the summer of 1906, and the average hours worked by them 
per week during the summer and the winter seasons. 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF MEN IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HARBORS, 
DOCKS, ETC., IN ONE WEEK OF THE SUMMER OF 1906, AND AVERAGE HOURS 
WORKED IN ONE WEEK OF THE SUMMER AND THE WINTER SEASONS. 



Occupation. 


Average 
full-time 
earnings. 


Average number of 
hours in one week. 




Summer. 


Winter. 


Foremen and gangers 


$11. 25 
10.34 
9.29 
8.92 
8.15 
6.51 
6.27 
5.98 
6.02 
9.35 
8.58 
5.96 


56.0 
51.8 
55.3 
55.6 
56.5 
51.7 
55.6 
56.1 
55.7 
57.9 
57.8 
57.3 


51.0 


Bricklayers 


46.8 


Masons 


48.1 


Carpenters 


50.3 


Other mechanics 


52.3 


Bricklayers' laborers 


46.8 


Masons' laborers 


49.9 


Other mechanics' laborers 


51.1 


Excavators and laborers 


49.8 


Locomotive engineers 


53.5 


Stationary engineers 


54.8 


Firemen and stokers 


53.0 







134 



WAGES- AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 



SAW MILLING, MACHINE JOINERY, ETC. 

The establishments included in this group are those engaged in 
saw milling, machine joinery and wood box and packing case making. 
Men formed 74 per cent of the 26,790 empk^ees for whom returns 
were received; apprentices, lads and boys, formed 22 per cent, and 
women and girls only 4 per cent. 

In the following table is shown the average earnings of the men, 
lads and boys, women and girls, and of all employees who worked 
full time in each district: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN THE SAW MILLING AND MACHIN E 
JOINERY INDUSTRY IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, BY DISTRICTS. 





Average full-time earnings of— 


District. 


Men. 


Lads 

and 

boys. 


Women. 


Girls. 


All em- 
ployees. 


London 


$8.15 
7.02 

6.87 
6.57 
6.45 
6.43 
4.56 


$2.60 
2.19 

2.43 

2.27 
2.27 
2.35 
1.85 


$3.04 


$1.70 


$6.31 


Northern counties and Cleveland 


5.74 


Yorkshire (excluding Cleveland), Lancashire, and 
Cheshire 


2.98 
3.20 


2.13 
1.95 


5.35 


North and West Midland counties 


5.23 


Rest of England and Wales 


5.60 


Scotland 


2.74 


i. 83 


5.37 


Ireland 


3.89 










United Kingdom 


6.65 


2.35 


3.02 


2.03 


5.43 







In the following table is shown the average full-time earnings in one 
week of the summer of 1906 of the men in these industries, and their 
percentage distribution in wage groups in accordance with their 
earnings : 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF MEN IN THE SAW MILLING AND MACHINE JOIN- 
ERY INDUSTRY IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, AND THE PER CENT 
WHOSE EARNINGS WERE WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS, BY OCCU- 
PATIONS. 



Occupation. 



Mill sawyers 

Wood cutting machinists 

Carpenters and joiners 

Box and packing case makers 

Carters (one horse) 

General laborers 

Total 



Average 
full-time 
earnings. 



$6.55 
7.62 
8.50 
6.75 
5.31 
5.09 



6.65 



Per cent of men working full time whose 
earnings were— 



Under 

$4.87. 



8.6 

3.7 

.3 

11.3 

20.3 

31.8 



14.3 



4.87 and 

under 

$7.30. 



57. 
38. 
17. 
43. 
79. 
67. 



50.7 



$7.30 and 
under 
$9.73. 



30.5 
43.9 
61.8 
41.4 
.4 
1.0 



25.9 



J.73 and 
over. 



3.4 
14.0 
20.3 

3.6 



9.1 



WAGES AND PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 
CABINETMAKING INDUSTRY. 



135 



The number of people included in the returns from establishments 
engaged in cabinetmaking, chair making, etc., was 24,215. Of this 
number 69.7 per cent were men, 19.8 per cent were apprentices, lads 
and boys, 7.8 per cent were women, and 2.7 per cent were girls. 

The following table shows the average earnings in the last week of 
September, 1906, of those employees who worked full time: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN THE CABINETMAKING INDUS- 
TRY IN THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, BY DISTRICTS. 





Average full-time earnings of— 


District. 


Men. 


Lads and 
boys. 


Women. 


Girls. 


All em- 
ployees. 


London 


$8.94 
8.9G 

7.87 
7.82 
7.16 
7.73 
6.63 


$2.82 
1.93 

2.09 
2.21 
' 1.78 
1.85 
1.74 


$3.65 
2.86 

3.18 
3.06 

2.78 
3.22 
2.82 


$1.97 
1.05 

1.22 
1.46 
1.16 
1.46 
1.07 


$7.30 
5 86 


Northern counties and Cleveland 


Yorkshire (excluding Cleveland), Lancashire, and 
Cheshire 


5 82 


North and West Midland counties 


5 70 


Rest of England and Wales 


5 35 


Scotland 


5 33 


Ireland 


4. 74 






United Kingdom 


8.03 


2.09 


3.18 


1.50 


5.94 







The principal classes of skilled men in this industry are cabinet- 
makers, French polishers, and upholsterers, comprising together 
nearly one-half of the number of men employed. 

The average earnings of men in these occupations in the last week 
of September, 1906, and the per cent whose earnings were within 
certain specified wage groups are shown in the following table: 

AVERAGE FULL-TIME EARNINGS OF MEN IN THE CABINETMAKING INDUSTRY IN 
THE LAST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER, 1906, AND THE PER CENT WHOSE EARNINGS 
WERE WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS, BY OCCUPATION. 



Occupation. 



Cabinetmakers. . 
French polishers 
Upholsterers 



Kind of 
work. 



/Time... 
\Piece... 
/Time... 
\Piece... 
(Time... 
1 Piece... 



Average 
full-time 
earnings. 



Per cent of men working full time whose 
earnings were— 



Under 

$4.87. 



$8.37 
8.19 
8.11 
8.07 
8.46 
8.64 



0.1 

.2 
.8 
2.3 
.2 
.7 



$4.87 and 


$7.30 and 


under 


under 


$7.30. 


$9.73. 


22.1 


59.5 


28.2 


52.2 


22.3 


66.4 


33.9 


43.1 


23.4 


57.5 


20.4 


52.7 



$9.73 and 
over. 



18.3 
19.4 
10.5 
20.7 
18.9 
26.2 



O 



i\r 



